A review on soil biology and biological properties of soils in Iran
H.
Besharati
دانشیار پژوهش مؤسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات،آموزش وترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران
author
N.
Aliasgharzad
استاد دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تبریز، ایران
author
K.
Khavazi
دانشیار پژوهش مؤسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات،آموزش وترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران
author
H.
AsadiRahmani
دانشیار پژوهش مؤسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات،آموزش وترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران
author
text
article
2017
per
This review attempts to reflect the history and importance of soil biology and the biological properties of soils in Iran. This paper also aims to extensively evaluate the biological characteristics of soil with respect to some features of soils, climate and vegetation. Then, the biological properties of the dominant soils in Iran are mentioned. Research findings about the possibility of using the soil biological potentials in agriculture, especially production and commercialization of technological knowledge of bio-fertilizers are discussed. Furthermore, the list and characteristics of useful soil microorganisms that exist in the country in a form of “Microbial Bank” are mentioned. Finally, the potentials and capacities of production and consumption of bio-fertilizers, the priorities and challenges encountered in the field of soil biology in the country are discussed.
Journal of Sol Biology
موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب
2345-2536
4
v.
2
no.
2017
89
122
https://sbj.areeo.ac.ir/article_109306_490c068733c2fe62e02b9b742ebf4e51.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/sbj.2017.109306
Evaluating synergistic effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on symbiotic nitrogen fixation in lentil plant under water
stress conditions
B.
Abolfazlibehrooz
دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه تهران
author
H. A.
Alikhani
استاد دانشگاه تهران
author
F.
Rejali
دانشیار موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات،آموزش وترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران
author
text
article
2017
per
Biological nitrogen fixation would be affected severely by water stress. In recent years, beneficial microorganisms were evaluated as one of the practical methods to reduce the effects of drought stress and increase agricultural production. To investigate the synergistic effects of mycorrhizal fungi on symbiotic nitrogen fixation in lentil plant under water stress conditions, a completely randomized factorial design was conducted in green house condition. The first factor had four levels of water stress (0/2, 0/4, 0/6 and 0/8 field capacity). The second factor had four microorganism types (Rhizophagus intraradices, Funneliformis mosseae, their combination and negative control). The results showed that in water stress treatments, the number of root nodules, root and shoot dry weight, chlorophyll fluorescence, root colonization percentage, total nitrogen content decreased significantly. When plants inoculated by mycorrhizal fungi, shoot N content and shoot and root dry weight of inoculated were significantly different compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. Nodule number, shoot nitrogen content, shoot and root dry weight, chlorophyll fluorescence, and root colonization percentage were increased by inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi.
Journal of Sol Biology
موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب
2345-2536
4
v.
2
no.
2017
123
134
https://sbj.areeo.ac.ir/article_109307_ef7e440fc1f22f8e2dfdddc3eb27b1fc.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/sbj.2017.109307
Evaluation of plant growth promoting traits of arsenic resistant bacteria and their effect on morphological properties of
Origanum vulgare plant in an arsenic-polluted soil
L.
Haydarpoor
دانشآموخته کارشناسی ارشدگروه علوم و مهندسی خاک دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی
author
A. A.
SoltaniToolarood
استادیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی
author
E.
GoliKalanpa
استادیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی
author
text
article
2017
per
Application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) increases the efficiency of phytoremediation in heavy metal polluted soil. In the present study, four arsenic-polluted soil samples were collected from around the Zarshooran mine in Tekab city located in the west part of Azarbaijan province. Forty two isolates were isolated from soil samples and nineteen isolates were selected according to the shape, color, margin of colony and growth rate. AHG-1, AHG-2, AHG-3, AHG-4, AHG-5, AHG-6, AHG-7, AHG-10, AHG-11, AHG-15 and AHG-6 isolates grew well in all arsenic concentrations but AHG-5, AHG-6 and AHG-7 had the greatest growth. Results showed that all selected isolates were able to produce auxin and solubilize inorganic phosphorus. The range of auxin production was 0.35-3.41 mg/l and the average value was 1.38 mg/l. The highest and lowest ability of inorganic phosphate solubilizing were 486.036 and 251.69 mg/l belonging to AHG-7 and AHG-10 isolates respectively. Six isolates were capable of solubilizing inorganic Zn whereas AHG-7 isolate was the most effective one. The ability of siderophore production was observed among 5 isolates that AHG10 was the most effective one. Four of ten isolates were able to produce low and moderate amount of hydrogen cyanide. In addition, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of arsenic-resistant bacteria on morphological characteristics of Oregano plant in a completely randomized design with three replications. Results of the greenhouse test showed that inoculation of Oregano with superior isolates significantly increased the leaf number, leaf surface, stem length, stem splits, root volume, root wet weight, root dry weight, shoot wet weight, and shoot dry weight of in an arsenic-polluted soil. Results also revealed that inoculation of Oregano with studied isolates notably (P≤0.01) increased root and shoot arsenic concentration and translocation factor. In this research Oregano plant showed great ability in transferring of arsenic from roots to shoots. It can be concluded that arsenic-resistant isolates with plant growth promoting ability increased the phytoremediation efficiency of arsenic-contaminated soil. It seems that Oregano can play a useful role in the remediation of arsenic-polluted soil.
Journal of Sol Biology
موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب
2345-2536
4
v.
2
no.
2017
135
151
https://sbj.areeo.ac.ir/article_109308_b466049b6c8879c27a4258a819b6aca1.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/sbj.2017.109308
Expression of genes involved in adaptation to low phosphorus in nodules of two symbiotic associations of chickpea-Mesorhizobium
M.
Nasr Esfahani
استادیار گروه زیستشناسی دانشگاه لرستان
author
text
article
2017
per
Crop production of important legumes such as chickpea is often limited by low phosphorus (P) in soils. This limitation that is mainly attributed to inhibition of nodule activity and consequently decline in nitrogen fixation under P deficiency. Therefore, the precise identification of molecular mechanisms responsible for improvement of symbiotic effectiveness of symbiotic associations of legume-rhizobium can be used to enhance productivity through genetic engineering and breeding methods. In this study, changes in expression level of some genes in nodules of two symbiotic associations (chickpea-M. mediterraneum SWRI9 and chickpea-M. ciceri CP-31) under P starvation were investigated by Real-time PCR. Based on the results obtained from thegrowth parameters and Pi content in nodules and roots, the two examinedstrains of rhizobia differ markedly in tolerance to phosphorus deficiency.chickpea-M. mediterraneum SWRI9 was a P deficiency sensitive symbiotic associations and chickpea-M. ciceri CP-31 was much more tolerant one to P deficiency. Under P deficiency, the expression level of inorganic phosphate transporter 1-4like, inorganic phosphatase 2-like and malate dehydrogenase genes in nodules chickpea-M. ciceri CP-31 increased as compared their expression under P-sufficient conditions. In both symbiotic associations, the expression level of Phosphate transporter 1 in nodules decreased under P deficiency. In addition, the expression level of histidin kinase genes increased in nodules of chickpea-M. mediterraneum SWRI9 in response to P deficiency. Different response of symbiotic effectiveness to P deficiency in two symbiotic associations is related to difference in expression level of studied genes.
Journal of Sol Biology
موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب
2345-2536
4
v.
2
no.
2017
153
163
https://sbj.areeo.ac.ir/article_109310_3cb7e445c7bd0e4fc85c0ad51f5e58f3.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/sbj.2017.109310
Effects of rhizobium bacteria strains on yield components of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
in drought stress condition
M.
Feizian
استادیار دانشگاه لرستان
author
A.
Hemmati
دانشجوی دکتری دانشگاه لرستان
author
H.
AsadiRahmani
دانشیار پژوهش مؤسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات،آموزش وترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران
author
K.
Azizi
دانشیار دانشگاه لرستان
author
text
article
2017
per
The drought stress is the most important of abiotic stress for plants. In dryand regions, the implication of drought tolerant strains of rhizobia is a critical way to enhance yield and development of nitrogen fixation in beans farming.To investigate the effects of rhizobial strains on yield of common bean under drought stress, this study was performed based on randomized complete block design as a split plot experiment with 12 treatments in 3 replications during 2014 and 2015. The treatments were irrigated to achieve the values of 30, 60 and 80 % available soil moisture as drought stresses (sever-, moderate- and non-) in main plots and inoculated seeds by rhizobium bacteria strains 54, 58, 160 and 177 arranged in sub-plots. The volume of irrigation water, water use efficiency, plant nitrogen, yield and yield components were determined. The results in 2 years revealed that, the drought stress and rhizobium treatments showed significant (P-1) was obtained in irrigation level at 60 % available water (moderate stress) and seed inoculated by rhizobium bacteria strain 160. These results showed that, the application of rhizobium bacteria strain 160 increased drought tolerance without any reduction of yield in common bean.
Journal of Sol Biology
موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب
2345-2536
4
v.
2
no.
2017
165
176
https://sbj.areeo.ac.ir/article_109311_da20ad35106024231bb58af1ce1c297d.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/sbj.2017.109311
The investigation of growth and nutrition response of two pistachio varieties (Badamie-rizZarand and Qazvini) to application of cow manure and fluorescent pseudomonads
A. H.
Jamalifard
دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ولیعصر (عج) رفسنجان
author
P.
AbbaszadehDahaji
استادیار گروه علوم خاک دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ولیعصر (عج) رفسنجان
author
A. R.
Akhgar
دانشیار گروه علوم خاک دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ولیعصر (عج) رفسنجان
author
text
article
2017
per
One of the vital components to achieve sustainable agriculture is integrated plant nutrition through using organic and biofertilizers in. A lot of researches have been conducted regarding the tolerance of different varieties of pistachio (Pistacia vera) to drought and salinity; however, limited researches are focused on the reaction of various varieties to organic and biofertilizers. For this purpose, a greenhouse experiment was performed in Vali-e- Asr University of Rafsanjan in 2015 as a completely randomized factorial design in three replications. In this study, treatments included surface sterilized and germinated seeds of pistachio in two varieties (Badamie-riz Zarand and Qazvini), three levels of bacteria (inoculated with D6 and D12 isolates of Fluorescent pseudomonads and non-inoculated) and three organic manure application rates (0, 2 and 4 % w/w). The treatments were replicated three times and arranged totally in 54 pots. Application of cow manure and fluorescent psudomonads increased growth and nutrient uptake Badamie-riz Zarand and Qazvini pistachio varieties. In this research the increment of measured parameters in two pistachio varieties in comparison with controls (with no application of organic and biofertilizers) were considered as response and then two varieties responses were statistically compared together. The application of manure and Fluorescent pseudomonads promoted the growth and nutrient uptake in both varieties. Comparing of two varieties showed that using bacteria compared with significantly increased phosphorus, iron and zinc uptake in Qazvini (Q) variety in comparison with Badami-rizZarand (B) variety. Response of Qazvini to application of cow manure was better and the applied manure treatments could significantly enhance nitrogen, phosphorus and copper uptake up to 61, 189 and 490 percent (P <0.05) respectively in Q variety compared to B variety. The combined application of bacteria and manure also significantly raised shoot dry weight, the uptake of iron, zinc, copper, phosphorus, calcium and nitrogen in Q variety compared to B variety. The results of this study indicated that the reaction of these two varieties of pistachio to the application of manure and growth promoting bacteria was different. Q variety demonstrated better results using organic fertilizer, biofertilizers and combined application compared to B variety. Accordingly, it seems that beyond considering the tolerance of varieties to salinity and drought and some other cases, the response of varieties to organic and biofertilizers should be considered toward sustainable agriculture and production of higher- quality products.
Journal of Sol Biology
موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب
2345-2536
4
v.
2
no.
2017
177
188
https://sbj.areeo.ac.ir/article_109313_e5bbe167060ac5daa5e2cd77d541ed21.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/sbj.2017.109313
Evaluation of different application methods of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on wheat growth in a saline soil
A. R.
Tavasolee
استادیار بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آذربایجانشرقی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تبریز، ایران
author
A.
Asgharzade
دانشیار مؤسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تبریز، ایران
author
S.
Zamani
کارشناس ارشد بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آذربایجان شرقی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تبریز، ایران
author
text
article
2017
per
In this research, different application methods of PGPR were evaluated on wheat productivity in a saline soil (EC=5 dS/m) under field conditions. Three strains of Azotobacter, Azospirillum and Pseudomonas bacteria mixed and formulated as PGPR treatment. The experiment was conducted in a factorial randomized block design for two years 2010-11 and 2011-12 in agriculture and natural resources research and education center of East Azarbaijan. The first factor was PGPR application methods in five levels (four PGPR using methods and no- PGPR application) and the second factor was three levels of nitrogen fertilizer treatment (0, 70 and 100 percent of recommended rates of nitrogen). PGPR application methods involved inoculation of wheat seeds with bacteria in autumn sowing (seed treatment), implication of bacteria in spring through irrigation water (fertigation), spraying plant leaves and shoots with bacterial suspension in spring (foliar application) and the combination of those three methods. Combined analysis of data for two years showed that PGPR application methods and nitrogen fertilizer had significant effects on increasing grain yield and biomass production. Using PGPR in seed treatment, fertigation and foliar application methods comparing to control treatments (without PGPR) increased grain yield 45.5, 37.3 and 24.9 %, respectively. The 100 and 70 % of N fertilizer recommendation treatments increased grain production 18.6 and 9.1 % respectively more than control (without fertilizer) treatments.
Journal of Sol Biology
موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب
2345-2536
4
v.
2
no.
2017
189
202
https://sbj.areeo.ac.ir/article_109316_c667e28786b3ad2bbff79b143853408b.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/sbj.2017.109316
Irrigation water salinity affect dynamics of organic carbon and nitrogen derived from Alfalfa and Barley residues
Z.
Najafi
دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه زنجان
author
A.
Golchin
استاد دانشگاه زنجان
author
S.
Shafiei
استادیار دانشگاه جیرفت
author
text
article
2017
per
Incorporation of plant residues in soils of arid and semiarid regions is a major principle for sustainable agriculture. This experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of saline of irrigation water on organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics. For this purpose, a pot experiment with split – split plot arrangement with three replications was conducted in University of Zanjan using litter bag method. The Examined factors were two types of plant residues (barley and alfalfa residues), three salinity levels of irrigation water (0.3, 4 and 8 dSm-1) and four incubation time intervals (1, 2, 3 and 4 months). The results showed that the amounts of organic carbon and nitrogen lost decreased by increasing the salinity level of irrigation water. The amounts of organic carbon lost after 4 months were respectively 65.52, 61.71 and 58.89% for alfalfa residue and 60.95, 51.95and48.33% for barley residue when salinity levels of irrigation water adjusted at 0.3, 4 and 8 dSm-1correspondingly. The corresponding amounts of organic nitrogen lost were 65.99, 54.02 and 48.09% for alfalfa residues and 61.04, 52.31 and 44.13% for barley residues respectively. The results showed that by increasing the salinity level of irrigation water from 0.3 to 4 and 8 dSm-1, the amounts of organic carbon lost from alfalfa and barley residues decreased by 5.82 and 10.12% and 14.77 and 20.71% respectively. The decrease in the amounts of organic nitrogen lost with increasing the salinity levels of irrigation water were 18.13 and 27.12% for alfalfa residues and 14.30 and 27.70% for barley residues respectively.
Journal of Sol Biology
موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب
2345-2536
4
v.
2
no.
2017
203
213
https://sbj.areeo.ac.ir/article_109320_48a3928be067835f8b8a31ddd44ec228.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/sbj.2017.109320