انجمن علوم خاک ایران زیست شناسی خاک 2345-2536 13 2 2026 01 21 Study of Serndipita indica and Sinorhizobium meliloti on concentration and kinetics of zinc release in alfalfa rhizosphere contaminated with zinc oxide nanoparticles اثر قارچ Serndipita indica و باکتری Sinorhizobium meliloti بر غلظت و سینتیک رهاسازی روی در فرا ریشه یونجه آلوده به نانو اکسید روی 127 146 134316 10.22092/sbj.2025.369537.279 FA لیلا تابنده مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی فارس، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، شیراز، ایران وحید محصلی مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی فارس، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، شیراز، ایران 0000-0002-8364-8851 سهراب صادقی مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی فارس، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، شیراز، ایران Journal Article 2025 05 26 Background and Objectives: The application of nano-fertilizers, such as zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), is an emerging strategy to improve micronutrient efficiency in sustainable agriculture. However, the overuse of ZnO-NPs, particularly in calcareous soils with low zinc availability, risks soil contamination and subsequent toxicity to plants and soil biota. The bioavailability of zinc from these nanoparticles is governed by complex interactions within the rhizosphere, involving the soil matrix, plant roots, and plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs). While PGPMs like fungi and bacteria can alter metal bioavailability, their combined effects and the resulting release dynamics are not fully understood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of inoculating the fungus Serendipita indica and the bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti, both individually and in combination, on the release kinetics of zinc in the rhizosphere of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown in soil contaminated with different levels of ZnO-NPs. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cv. Hamedani in a greenhouse. The soil used was a loamy-clay collected from the 0-30 cm layer of Chitgaran station in Shiraz, Iran, with a pH of 8.3, 0.71% organic matter, and 42.5% calcium carbonate equivalent. The soil was autoclaved at 121°C for 25 minutes before use. Treatments included three levels (0, 400, and 800 mg kg⁻¹ soil) of ZnO-NPs (average diameter of 10 nm, sourced from Pishgaman Nano Mavadd-e Iran Co.) and four levels of microbial inoculation (a non-inoculated control, S. indica alone, S. meliloti alone, and co-inoculation of the fungus and bacterium). Soils were incubated for three months at field capacity to allow for equilibration reactions. The S. indica inoculum was prepared by collecting spores from a 4-week-old culture, with the final concentration adjusted to 5×10⁵ spores mL⁻¹. The S. meliloti strain, selected for its high N-fixation and PGP traits (including possession of nfe, putA, and acdS genes), was cultured for 48 hours, and the inoculum was adjusted to 5×10⁷ cells mL⁻¹. In order to find the best model to describe the zinc release pattern, time-dependent release data were fitted to nine kinetic equations (zero-, first-, second-, third-order, parabolic diffusion, power function, simplified Elovich, pseudo-first-order, and pseudo-second-order). For each experimental treatment, the best kinetic equation was selected based on the highest coefficient of determination (R²) and the lowest standard error (SE). Zinc concentrations were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Shimadzu AA 670). Statistical analysis was performed using SAS 9.1, and means were compared using the LSD test at P≤0.05. Results: The results showed that co-inoculation of the fungus and bacterium at 400 and 800 mg Zn kg⁻¹ had the lowest rhizosphere pH value, resulting in a decrease of 15.25% and 6.81%, respectively, compared to the zero-Zn level. Also, at the 800 mg Zn kg⁻¹ level, inoculation with the fungus alone and co-inoculation with the bacterium were equally effective, showing the highest ability to release zinc from the rhizosphere soil; these treatments led to an increase of 27.79% and 26.42%, respectively, in the amount of cumulative zinc released compared to the uninoculated condition. The study of the zinc release pattern under the influence of different zinc levels and microbial inoculation showed that the process of zinc release in all treatments followed a two-stage kinetic process that starts with a fast release step and then reaches equilibrium after a slow step. In the initial rapid phase, zinc release corresponds to mobile forms with low bond energy, and in the second stage, to forms with less mobility. This was confirmed by the observation that approximately 68-76% of the total desorbed zinc was released within the first two hours of extraction. Analysis of the kinetic models showed that the pseudo-second-order (R² > 0.995) and power function (R² > 0.94) equations provided the best fit for the zinc release data in all experimental treatments, while the simplified Elovich equation was also suitable only at the control (zero Zn) level. The superiority of the pseudo-second-order model was further validated by the positive and significant correlation between its calculated equilibrium zinc concentration (qe) and the plant-available zinc concentrations (extracted by DTPA in 2 hours), as well as the zinc concentrations in the root and shoot tissues of the alfalfa plants. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that microbial inoculation, particularly co-inoculation with S. indica and S. meliloti, is an effective strategy for acidifying the rhizosphere and increasing the release of zinc from soil contaminated with ZnO-NPs. The highest efficacy was observed at high contamination levels, where fungal inoculation (alone or combined) enhanced cumulative zinc release by approximately 27%. The kinetics of zinc release in the calcareous soil followed a two-stage process, dominated by an initial rapid release of weakly bound zinc forms. Among the nine models tested, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model proved to be the most robust descriptor of the zinc release process across all treatments, which was confirmed by its strong correlation with plant-available zinc. These findings highlight the potential of using synergistic microbial partnerships to manipulate the bioavailability of nanoparticle-derived contaminants in the rhizosphere and underscore the importance of kinetic modeling in predicting nutrient and contaminant release patterns in complex soil systems. در این تحقیق، در سطوح مختلف آلودگی به نانواکسید روی، اثر تیمارهای میکروبی بر میزان آزادسازی روی در خاک‌های ریزوسفری تحت کشت یونجه، با استفاده از معادلات سینتیکی منتخب بررسی گردید. این آزمایش به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار بر روی گیاه یونجه (Medicago sativa L.) در گلخانه اجراء گردید. تیمارها شامل سه سطح (0، 400 و 800 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم خاک) نانواکسید روی و چهار سطح مایه‌زنی میکروبی (شاهد، قارچ S. indica، باکتری S. meliloti و تلقیح توأم قارچ و باکتری) در نظر گرفته شد. به منظور انتخاب بهترین مدل توصیف الگوی انتشار روی، از معادلات سینتیکی متعددی استفاده و برای هر یک از تیمارهای آزمایشی، مدل‌های مذکور برازش و بهترین معادله سینتیکی انتخاب گردید. نتایج نشان داد که تلقیح توأم قارچ و باکتری در سطح400 و در رتبه بعدی در سطح800 میلی‌گرم روی در کیلوگرم، کمترین مقدار pH را به خود اختصاص دادند که به ترتیب کاهشی برابر با 15/25 و 6/81 درصد را نسبت به سطح صفر روی نشان می‌دهد. همچنین در سطح 800 میلی‌گرم روی در کیلوگرم، تلقیح انفرادی قارچ و توأم با باکتری با ارجحیت یکسان، بیشترین توانایی را در آزاد سازی روی خاک ریزوسفری نشان دادند بطوریکه به‌ترتیب منجر به افزایش 27/79 و 26/42 درصدی مقدار روی تجمعی آزاد شده نسبت به شرایط بدون تلقیح شدند. بررسی الگوی آزاد سازی روی تحت تأثیر سطوح مختلف روی و تلقیح میکروبی نشان داد که روند آزاد سازی روی در تیمارهای مختلف خاک ریزوسفری، یک فرآیند انتشار دو مرحله‌ای است. بررسی مقدار ضرایب تبیین و خطای استاندارد معادلات سینتیکی نشان داد که به ترتیب معادلات شبه مرتبه دوم و تابع توانی در کلیه تیمارهای آزمایشی و معادله الوویچ ساده شده تنها در سطح صفر روی، برآورد خوبی از آزاد سازی روی خاک ریزوسفری دارند.

https://sbj.areeo.ac.ir/article_134316_b0bb1bddf10f1f3cd1213196d0f099ee.pdf

انجمن علوم خاک ایران زیست شناسی خاک 2345-2536 13 2 2026 01 21 Feasibility of Isolating Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Diazotrophs from Periphyton Biofilm in Rice Fields and Evaluating Their Effects on Rice Growth under Greenhouse Conditions امکان‌سنجی جداسازی تثبیت‌کنندگان نیتروژن اتوتروفی و هتروتروفی از زیست‌لایه پریفایتون در شالیزار و بررسی اثرات آن بر رشد گیاه برنج در شرایط گلخانه‌ای 147 169 134485 10.22092/sbj.2025.369574.280 FA مهران غلامی گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران حسینعلی علیخانی گروه علوم ومهندسی خاک، دانشکدگان پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران حسن اعتصامی گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران زهرا کرمی گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران محدثه شیرین زاده گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران حمیدرضا زارع گیلدهی گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2025 05 24 Background and Objectives: Rice, a key staple crop for over half the global population, is mainly grown in Asia and heavily depends on synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, which harm the environment and raise costs. Improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in rice is essential, as current NUE is 28–35%, below the global average. Strategies to enhance NUE include balanced fertilization, slow-release fertilizers, nitrification inhibitors, precision nitrogen management, and breeding for efficient varieties. However, these approaches face challenges like high costs, labor intensity, and technological inaccessibility for small farmers. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) offers a promising alternative, using nitrogen-fixing bacteria to enhance NUE and yield while reducing chemical inputs. Studies show rice roots host beneficial bacteria like Azospirillum and Burkholderia, which support BNF. Yet, their effectiveness can be limited by soil and environmental factors. Periphytic biofilms, formed at the soil-water interface in rice paddies, are emerging as a valuable component in nitrogen cycling. Rich in microorganisms such as cyanobacteria and protozoa, these biofilms stabilize nitrogen in the ecosystem, reduce nitrogen losses, and act as natural biofertilizers. They support nitrogen fixation and nutrient uptake, boosting rice growth.Despite their benefits, periphytic biofilms are understudied. Recent research focuses on isolating nitrogen-fixing bacteria from these biofilms to assess their impact on nitrogen levels and rice growth. This study highlights the potential of diazotrophic biofilm enrichment as a sustainable solution to reduce fertilizer dependency, improve crop productivity, and promote environmental sustainability in rice farming. Materials and Methods: This study focused on evaluating soil, water, and periphytic biofilms in paddy fields in Guildeh, Iran, to investigate the impact of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms on rice plant nutrition. Soil, water, and periphyton samples were collected and analyzed for chemical properties using standard methods. Soil parameters such as pH, texture, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content were measured. Microbial populations, including fungi and bacteria, were counted using plate count methods. To isolate nitrogen-fixing microbes (diazotrophs), periphyton samples were cultured on selective media. Bacterial and cyanobacterial isolates capable of growing on nitrogen-free media were identified through morphological and genetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Delftia lacustris (bacterial) and Nostoc sp. (cyanobacterial) were selected for further testing based on their nitrogen-fixing abilities. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replicates to assess the effects of these isolates, alone and in combination, on rice plant growth. Treatments included natural periphyton, periphyton enriched with isolates, and controls with and without nitrogen fertilizer. Rice seeds were planted in pots with paddy soil, and periphyton treatments were applied. Growth conditions were controlled, and plants were monitored for 40 days. At the end of the experiment, soil and plant samples were analyzed for nutrient content. Plant height, dry weight, nitrogen (by Kjeldahl method), phosphorus (by spectrophotometry), and potassium (by flame photometry) concentrations were measured. The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of microbial inoculants with chemical fertilizers in enhancing rice plant nutrition, supporting the use of diazotrophic organisms as sustainable alternatives in agriculture. Results: The study demonstrated that applying periphytic biofilms, enriched with beneficial microorganisms, significantly improved soil fertility by enhancing the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in paddy fields. The enriched periphyton treatment (P+B+C) increased total soil nitrogen by 37.8% and ammonium by 42.1% compared to the unfertilized control. This improvement is largely due to biological nitrogen fixation carried out by microorganisms such as Nostoc species and Delftia lacustris, which convert atmospheric nitrogen into forms accessible to plants. Ammonium content also rose across all periphyton treatments after the growth period, indicating the active role of these microbial communities in nitrogen cycling. Soil phosphorus levels increased significantly with periphyton treatments (35%). The biofilms enhanced phosphorus availability by harboring phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms that release enzymes such as phosphatases. These enzymes break down organic phosphorus into forms that plants can absorb. Additionally, the periphyton helped regulate phosphorus availability over time, ensuring a steady supply during different growth stages of rice plants. Potassium availability also improved due to the presence of potassium-solubilizing microorganisms within the periphyton (15.36%). These microbes released substances that aided in converting fixed potassium into soluble forms, which plants can uptake. Periphyton also served as a reservoir, storing potassium early in the plant’s development and releasing it when needed later in the growth cycle. Rice plants treated with periphyton showed clear improvements in growth, including greater height, biomass, and higher nutrient content. These benefits were linked to the activity of plant growth-promoting microbes that produce hormones, facilitate nutrient absorption, and protect against stress. Notably, Delftia lacustris and Nostoc species were crucial contributors to these effects. Overall, periphyton-based treatments offer a sustainable and effective alternative to chemical fertilizers, enhancing nutrient cycling and supporting healthier, more productive rice cultivation systems. Conclusion: The results show that applying periphyton can significantly improve soil fertility and enhance the nutritional status of rice plants. Periphyton, rich in plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), plays a key role in supporting rice growth. Treatments involving periphyton produced better outcomes than other treatments, especially when enriched with Delftia lacustris and Nostoc species, which greatly increased nitrogen availability compared to natural periphyton and controls. While nitrogen improvement was the main focus, phosphorus and potassium levels in the soil also showed notable increases. These nutrient enhancements supported greater rice plant height and dry weight, highlighting the value of periphyton enrichment in improving soil quality and plant development. The study emphasizes the potential of using microbial communities like periphytic biofilms to promote sustainability in rice production systems. Future research should explore the long-term effects of periphyton application across different environmental conditions to optimize its use in sustainable agriculture worldwide. Understanding the role of these biofilms in nitrogen cycling can inform biofertilization strategies aimed at reducing synthetic fertilizer use and increasing agricultural productivity. Overall, the findings suggest that periphytic biofilms act as important reservoirs for nitrogen-fixing microbes, playing a vital role in nutrient cycling in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. هدف از انجام این پژوهش بررسی پتانسیل زیست‌لایه پریفایتون و تثبیت‌کنندگان ساکن در آن برای تقویت تثبیت بیولوژیکی نیتروژن و بهبود حاصلخیزی خاک در شالیزارها بود. برای این منظور، نمونه‌های زیست‌لایه پریفایتونی از شالیزارهای استان گیلان جمع‌آوری شد و با تثبیت‌کنندگان جداشده از خود زیست‌لایه که در آزمون توان تثبیت نیتروژن برتر شناخته شده بودند، غنی‌سازی شدند. به مدت 40 روز در شرایط گلخانه‌ای اثر تیمارهای مختلف بر خاک و گیاه پایش گردید. نتایج نشان داد که زیست‌لایه پریفایتون پتانسیل بسیار بالایی در حاصلخیزی خاک و حمایت از رشد گیاه برنج دارد. تیمار پریفایتون‌غنی‌شده با باکتری و سیانوباکتری به طور قابل‌توجهی ویژگی‌های خاک از جمله میزان نیتروژن کل (37/83 درصد)، آمونیوم (42/1 درصد)، فسفر قابل‌جذب (35 درصد) و پتاسیم قابل‌دسترس (15/36) را افزایش داد. حاصلخیزی خاک منجر به افزایش کارایی جذب نیتروژن توسط گیاه شد. افزایش فراهمی نیتروژن در محلول خاک، افزایش در پارامترهای رشد از جمله ارتفاع گیاه، وزن خشک، میزان نیتروژن (3/97 درصد)، فسفر (5/18 درصد) و پتاسیم (5/21 درصد) در بافت گیاهچه‌های برنج را به دنبال داشت. نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق نشان داد که زیست‌لایه‌های موجود در شالیزارهای شمال ایران به مانند ریزوسفر گیاه برنج، میزبان طیف وسیعی از PGPRها از جمله انواع تثبیت‌کنندگان می‌باشند که با بهره‌گیری از آن‌ها، می‌توان راهکاری نوین در کشت محصولی سالم و پایدار ارائه داد. کودهای زیستی مبتنی بر پریفایتون به عنوان روشی جدید می‌توانند سلامت خاک و گیاه را تضمین کنند.

https://sbj.areeo.ac.ir/article_134485_eb9c0aa2767bd78c6b4515fe16c3b897.pdf

انجمن علوم خاک ایران زیست شناسی خاک 2345-2536 13 2 2026 01 21 Implication of Biological Indices for Assessing Soil Health کاربرد شاخصهای زیستی برای سنجش سلامت خاک 171 191 134692 10.22092/sbj.2025.370174.283 FA ناصر علی اصغرزاد استاد بیولوژی و بیوتکنولوژی خاک، گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران. Journal Article 2025 07 23 Background and Objectives: Soil is a foundational, non-renewable component of the terrestrial environment, essential for global food production. The escalating pressures of industrialization, population growth, and climate change have placed soil resources under severe threat from pollution, salinity, and inappropriate land management. Consequently, the accurate assessment and monitoring of soil health and quality (SHQ) have become critical priorities for researchers and legislators worldwide. While physical and chemical parameters are established components of soil assessment, biological and biochemical indices are gaining prominence due to their unique sensitivity. Unlike more stable properties, the soil microbiome responds rapidly to environmental changes and management interventions, acting as sensitive, early-warning indicators of soil degradation or restoration. However, a significant challenge persists in their application: a vast and diverse array of potential biological parameters exists, and their measurement is often complex, costly, and time-consuming. It is impractical to measure all available indices in a single study. Therefore, a judicious selection based on clear objectives is necessary to optimize resources. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis and synthesis of the principal microbiological and biochemical indices used for assessing soil health. The objectives are to: (1) categorize and critically evaluate the most common methods for measuring microbial population, biomass, activity, and diversity; (2) analyze the role of soil enzymes and key ecophysiological quotients; and (3) introduce modern, cost-effective solutions, including estimation models and the use of satellite data, to overcome the high cost and labor demands of traditional biological measurements. Review Methods: This study is a comprehensive narrative review based on a synthesis of scientific literature. To gather the requisite information, systematic searches were conducted in major scientific databases, primarily Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The search strategy employed a combination of keywords relevant to the article's scope, including "soil health indicators", "soil quality assessment", "biological indicators", "soil microbial biomass", "soil enzymes", "microbial diversity", "phospholipid fatty acids" (PLFA), "metabolic quotient", "rhizosphere interactions", and "digital soil mapping". The criteria for selecting articles for inclusion prioritized foundational papers establishing benchmark methodologies, contemporary research articles demonstrating the application of these indices under various stress conditions, and recent publications detailing methodological and computational advancements. The synthesized information was then structured to provide a critical evaluation of each category of biological index. Results: This review synthesizes the vast field of soil biological indicators into key categories, evaluating their methodologies and applications. Methods for quantifying microbial abundance range from the accurate but laborious chloroform fumigation (FE/FI) and its faster proxy, Substrate-Induced Respiration (SIR), to culture-independent techniques that also reveal community structure. These modern methods, which supersede limited plate counts, include metagenomics (16S/18S sequencing) for deep taxonomic diversity and Phospholipid Fatty Acid (PLFA) analysis, a powerful tool that simultaneously quantifies viable biomass, community structure, and physiological stress. Soil function is assessed via overall metabolic activity (e.g., Basal Respiration, Dehydrogenase Activity) and a suite of specific soil enzymes (e.g., urease, phosphatase) that govern nutrient cycling. These data are further interpreted using key ecophysiological quotients (e.g., qmic, qCO2) to diagnose carbon dynamics and environmental stress, alongside monitoring crucial plant-microbe interactions (e.g., mycorrhiza, rhizobia) as integrated health indicators. Finally, to overcome the high cost and labor of these analyses, the review highlights emerging solutions, most notably Digital Soil Mapping (DSM), which uses machine learning (e.g., Random Forest) integrated with satellite and terrain data to cost-effectively create predictive, large-scale spatial maps of these complex biological properties. Conclusion: Biological indices are sensitive, responsive, and indispensable tools for the modern assessment of soil health and quality. This review confirms that no single parameter can comprehensively capture the complexity of soil biological function. A holistic evaluation requires either a carefully selected suite of complementary indices (e.g., combining biomass, activity, and diversity metrics) or the use of multi-parameter composite indices (e.g., SHI, SQI). The selection must be hypothesis-driven, aligning the chosen indicators with the specific ecological question or management goal. Significant challenges remain, primarily the high cost, technical expertise, and time required for many of the most informative analyses (e.g., metagenomics, PLFA). Furthermore, the lack of method standardization across different soil types, climates, and ecosystems hinders the establishment of universal benchmarks for soil health. The future of soil health monitoring lies in overcoming these challenges through integration and technology. We recommend: (1) the establishment of long-term soil microbiome monitoring projects to move beyond static snapshots and understand the temporal dynamics of soil biology. (2) A concerted effort toward international standardization of key methods and the creation of global databases for soil biological data, which are essential for developing robust predictive models. (3) Most promisingly, the continued development and application of Digital Soil Mapping (DSM). By synergistically integrating field-level biological data with remote sensing (satellite) data and machine learning, DSM provides the only viable path toward creating the cost-effective, large-scale, and spatially-explicit soil health maps that land managers and policymakers urgently need for sustainable soil stewardship. خاک به‌عنوان یکی از اجزای مهم محیط‌زیست، تأمین‌کننده اصلی غذا و تداوم بخش حیات در کره زمین است. امروزه، حفظ سلامت خاک و تنوع زیستی آن در اغلب کشورها مورد توجه قانونگذاران و تولیدکنندگان محصولات غذایی قرار گرفته است. ورود آلاینده‌های صنعتی و کشاورزی، گسترش شوری، تغییرات اقلیمی و مدیریتهای نامناسب اراضی، تهدیدگرهای اصلی سلامت خاک هستند. گرچه در ارزیابی سلامت خاک، پارامترهای شیمیایی و فیزیکی نیز اهمیت دارند ولی پارامترهای زیستی به دلیل پاسخ سریع به تغییرات محیطی، جایگاه ویژهای دارند. بدیهی است، با توجه به تعداد زیاد پارامترهای زیستی و ماهیت متفاوتشان، نمیتوان تعداد انبوهی از آنها را در یک کار تحقیقی، اندازهگیری نمود. لذا داشتن دانش کافی از ماهیت پارامترها، سبب انتخاب درست آنها بر اساس اهداف خواهد شد و از هزینههای غیرضروری جلوگیری میشود. در این مقاله، مجموعه روشهای (1) میکروبیولوژیک شامل فعالیت، تراکم جمعیت و زیست‌توده میکروبی (2) بیوشیمیایی شامل فعالیت انواع آنزیمهای مطرح در چرخه عناصر غذایی، (3) بررسی تنوع زیستی از طریق کشت مستقیم، تکنیکهای مولکولی بر مبنایDNA یا RNA، بکارگیری مارکرهای بیوشیمیایی نظیر اسیدهای چرب فسفولیپیدی، (4) برهمکنشهای میکروب-گیاه در ریزوسفر شامل تثبیتکنندههای نیتروژن همزیست یا آزادزی و همزیستی میکوریزی، مورد تجزیه‌وتحلیل قرار میگیرند. همچنین با توجه به هزینههای زیاد و زمانبر بودن سنجشهای میکروبیولوژیک، راهکارهای جدید مبتنی بر بکارگیری اطلاعات ماهوارهای و یا تخمین شاخصها از روی پارامترهای زودیافت، در این مقاله معرفی خواهند شد.

https://sbj.areeo.ac.ir/article_134692_8ff043bcbcd18a01f33450a50e15abeb.pdf

انجمن علوم خاک ایران زیست شناسی خاک 2345-2536 13 2 2026 01 21 Frequency Distribution and Molecular Identification of Indigenous Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria in Southern Fars Province توزیع فراوانی و شناسایی مولکولی باکتری‌های بومی محرک رشد در جنوب استان فارس 193 211 134952 10.22092/sbj.2025.371124.289 FA سید حسن تفرجی گروه کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2025 10 26 Background and Objectives: The increasing global population and challenges related to food security have underscored the critical need for sustainable agricultural practices. The overreliance on chemical fertilizers has led to environmental degradation, including soil and water pollution. Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) offer a promising, eco-friendly alternative by enhancing plant growth through various direct and indirect mechanisms. These mechanisms include improving nutrient availability (e.g., via siderophore production, phosphate solubilization, ammonia production), producing phytohormones like auxins (IAA), and mitigating stress through enzymes like ACC deaminase. However, the effectiveness of PGPR is highly dependent on their adaptation to specific local soil, plant, and climatic conditions. While PGPR potentials are well-established globally, a comprehensive profile of native, multifunctional PGPR in the southern Fars province of Iran remains limited. This study aimed to fill this knowledge gap by 1) isolating and evaluating the frequency distribution of key PGP traits among bacterial isolates from various plant rhizospheres, 2) quantitatively assessing selected isolates for IAA production and ACC deaminase activity, and 3) molecularly identifying the most promising multifunctional bacterial strains. Materials and Methods: A total of 45 rhizosphere samples were collected from diverse plants (including wheat, barley, alfalfa, lettuce, canola, beetroot, and spinach) in southern Fars province, with geographical coordinates recorded via GPS. From these samples, 181 distinct bacterial isolates were obtained through serial dilution (up to 10⁻⁶) and cultivation on Nutrient Agar, TSA, and King B media. All isolates underwent preliminary qualitative screening for five PGP traits: siderophore production (on CAS agar), ammonia production (in peptone water), phosphate solubilization, potassium release, and zinc solubilization. Based on the results of this screening, 12 superior isolates possessing one or multiple strong PGP traits were selected for further quantitative analysis. The quantitative production of IAA was measured spectrophotometrically using Salkowski's reagent in tryptophan-amended broth. The activity of ACC deaminase was estimated by measuring the amount of α-ketobutyrate produced from ACC. Finally, the molecular identification of the top-performing isolates was carried out by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene using universal primers 27F and 1492R, followed by comparison with sequences in the NCBI database. Results: The initial screening of 181 isolates revealed a high diversity of functional traits within the rhizosphere community of Southern Fars. A total of 94 isolates (52%) exhibited at least one plant growth-promoting trait. The analysis of trait frequency indicated that siderophore production and ammonia production were the most prevalent mechanisms, observed in a significant portion of the population. This high prevalence is likely an adaptive response to the iron-limited, alkaline nature of the calcareous soils in the region. Phosphate solubilization and potassium release were also common, whereas zinc solubilization was less frequent but present in highly efficient strains. Multifunctionality: Venn diagram analysis highlighted that while many isolates possessed single traits, a specific subset demonstrated multifunctionality. From this pool, 12 superior isolates were selected for advanced quantitative characterization. All 12 selected isolates demonstrated the capability to synthesize IAA in the presence of tryptophan, with concentrations ranging significantly. The highest IAA production was recorded for isolates SF1050 (52.10 µg/ml) and SF1078 (51.30 µg/ml), with no significant statistical difference between them. This high level of auxin production suggests a strong potential for these strains to stimulate root elongation and increase root surface area. Regarding stress alleviation traits, ACC deaminase activity was observed in 7 out of the 12 isolates. Isolate SF1044 exhibited the highest enzyme activity (306.93 nmol α-ketobutyrate mg⁻¹ protein h⁻¹), followed by SF1038 (292.07 nmol α-ketobutyrate mg⁻¹ protein h⁻¹). The presence of this enzyme indicates the potential of these strains to facilitate plant growth under biotic and abiotic stress conditions by regulating ethylene levels. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the elite isolates belonged to five distinct genera: Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Pseudarthrobacter, and Lysinibacillus. Specifically, SF1038 was identified as Bacillus sp., and SF1044, SF1050, and SF1092 were identified as Pseudomonas sp. Other isolates were identified as Acinetobacter sp. (SF1075), Pseudarthrobacter sp. (SF1078), and Lysinibacillus sp. (SF1160). The most significant finding was the identification of Pseudomonas sp. SF1044 as a highly versatile, multifunctional strain possessing all seven tested PGP traits simultaneously, including high IAA production and ACC deaminase activity. Conclusion: This study provides a comprehensive profile of the frequency distribution of PGP traits among the native rhizobacterial community in southern Fars province. The results confirm the presence of a diverse and potent reservoir of PGPR, with a notable prevalence of nutrient-solubilizing bacteria. The isolation and identification of several highly efficient strains, particularly the multifunctional Pseudomonas sp. SF1044, is a significant outcome. This strain, along with other robust isolates like Bacillus sp. SF1038, presents exceptional potential for development into novel, multi-trait biofertilizers. The use of such native, adapted strains can significantly contribute to sustainable agricultural practices in the region by enhancing crop growth and yield while reducing dependence on chemical inputs. Future research should focus on in-vitro and field-level validation of these promising isolates to formulate effective microbial consortia for regional agricultural application. با توجه به چالش‌های کشاورزی پایدار و نیاز به کاهش مصرف نهاده‌های شیمیایی، استفاده از روشهای سازگار با محیط‌زیست و شناسایی باکتری‌های محرک رشد بومی از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار است. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی نظام‌مند توزیع فراوانی و شناسایی باکتری‌های محرک رشد در ریزوسفر گیاهان مختلف جنوب استان فارس انجام شد. در این مطالعه، 181 جدایه باکتریایی از ریزوسفر 45 نمونه گیاهی مختلف جداسازی و از نظر صفات محرک رشد اولیه شامل تولید سیدروفور، آمونیاک، انحلال فسفات، آزادسازی پتاسیم و انحلال روی ارزیابی شدند. نتایج نشان داد که 94 جدایه (52 درصد) دارای حداقل یک صفت محرک رشد بودند و توزیع فراوانی صفات، حاکی از شیوع بیشتر مکانیسم‌های تولید سیدروفور و آمونیاک در بین جامعه باکتریایی بود. در مرحله بعد، 12 جدایه برتر انتخاب و از نظر توانایی تولید اکسین و فعالیت آنزیم ACC دآمیناز مورد ارزیابی کمی قرار گرفتند. همه جدایه‌های منتخب قادر به تولید IAA بودند که بیشترین میزان مربوط به جدایه‌های SF1050 و SF1078 به ترتیب با 52/10 و 51/30 میکروگرم بر میلی‌لیتر بود. از این میان، 7 جدایه فاقد فعالیت آنزیم ACC دآمیناز بودند و جدایه SF1044 با تولید 306/93 نانومول آلفا-کتوبوتیرات بر میلی‌گرم پروتئین در ساعت، بالاترین فعالیت را نشان داد. شناسایی مولکولی جدایه‌های برتر، تعلق آن‌ها را به جنس‌های Bacillus، Pseudomonas، Acinetobacter، Pseudarthrobacter و Lysinibacillus تأیید کرد. مهم‌ترین دستاورد نوآورانه این پژوهش، شناسایی جدایه SF1044 به عنوان Pseudomonas sp. بود که به طور همزمان واجد تمام هفت صفت محرک رشد مورد آزمایش بود. این پژوهش گامی مؤثر در جهت شناسایی و بهره‌برداری از ظرفیت‌های میکروبی بومی برای توسعه کودهای زیستی ترکیبی و پایدار در منطقه جنوب استان فارس محسوب می‌شود.

https://sbj.areeo.ac.ir/article_134952_9f3a5c31c45051d250cb13d263c87054.pdf

انجمن علوم خاک ایران زیست شناسی خاک 2345-2536 13 2 2026 01 21 Enhancing maize growth and nutrient uptake through foliar application of phyllosphere-derived plant growth-promoting bacteria under field conditions بهبود رشد و جذب عناصر غذایی ذرت با محلول‌پاشی باکتری‌های محرک رشد فیلوسفر در شرایط مزرعه 213 228 135140 10.22092/sbj.2026.370545.285 FA وحید اله جهاندیده مهجن آبادی موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. هادی اسدی رحمانی موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. مهدیه شمشیری پور موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. کاظم خاوازی موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. Journal Article 2025 09 03 Background and Objectives: The phyllosphere microbiome represents an extraordinary ecological niche that harbors diverse microbial communities with immense potential for agricultural applications. As a unique aerial habitat, the phyllosphere supports bacterial populations that have evolved sophisticated mechanisms for plant growth promotion and stress mitigation. While rhizosphere bacteria have been extensively exploited in agricultural practices, the systematic utilization of phyllosphere-derived plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) as foliar bioinoculants remains comparatively under-investigated, particularly under real-field conditions. This knowledge gap assumes critical importance given the increasing global demands for sustainable agricultural intensification and food security. The current investigation was designed to address this research vacuum through a comprehensive evaluation of three meticulously selected phyllosphere-originating bacterial strains Enterobacter hormaechei (AC. MN099393), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (AC. MN099392), and Microbacterium arborescens (AC. MN099379) for their efficacy in enhancing maize (Zea mays L.) productivity, nutrient acquisition efficiency, and overall nutritional quality through foliar application. The study specifically aimed to elucidate the effects of these bacterial inoculants on shoot dry and fresh weight, nutrient uptake, while establishing correlations between observed phenotypic improvements and the documented plant growth-promoting attributes of the selected bacterial strains. Materials and Methods: A rigorously designed field experiment was implemented during the 2020-2021 growing season at the Soil and Water Research Institute in Karaj, Iran, utilizing a randomized complete block design with three replications to ensure statistical robustness. The experimental matrix comprised four distinct treatments: (1) Absolute control (non-inoculated); (2) E. hormaechei inoculation; (3) S. maltophilia inoculation; and (4) M. arborescens inoculation. Soil characteristics were thoroughly analyzed before experiment establishment, revealing a loam texture with specific chemical properties. For the cultivation of maize, the seed variety 704 was used. The area of each plot was 30 m², comprising 4 ridges with a distance of 75 centimeters and a length of 10 m. Bacterial suspensions were prepared to achieve optimal concentration (109 CFU mL⁻¹) and applied at the critical V3 phenological stage (4-6 leaf stage) during evening hours to maximize phyllosphere colonization efficiency and minimize UV-induced bacterial mortality. The application method involved careful dilution protocols and uniform spraying using sterilized equipment to ensure consistent coverage. Comprehensive assessments included detailed analysis of shoot dry and fresh weight and precise quantification of macronutrient (N, P, K) and micronutrient (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn) concentrations through standard protocols. Statistical analyses of the data were performed using the SAS software. Mean comparisons were conducted using Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at the 5% probability level. Results: The foliar application of phyllosphere bacteria significantly influenced maize growth parameters. Shoot dry weight was markedly increased by both bacterial treatments (S. maltophilia and E. hormaechei ) compared to the non-inoculated control (14289 kg ha⁻¹). Application of S. maltophilia resulted in a shoot dry weight of 15859 kg ha⁻¹, representing a significant increase of 11.0%. Similarly, E. hormaechei treatment yielded a dry weight of 15813 kg ha⁻¹, an increase of 10.7%. Nutritional analysis revealed significant biofortification effects, particularly for E. hormaechei. This treatment increased nitrogen concentration by 26.66% (1.33% versus control 1.05%), iron content by 37.3% (53.4 mg kg⁻¹ versus 38.9 mg kg⁻¹), and manganese concentration by 39% (35.3 mg kg⁻¹ versus 25.4 mg kg⁻¹). The S. maltophilia treatment also significantly enhanced nitrogen and iron concentrations by 19.02% and 33.16%, respectively. Phosphorus, potassium, zinc, and copper levels showed non-significant responses across treatments. M. arborescens application showed limited efficacy across most measured parameters, potentially attributable to suboptimal environmental adaptation mechanisms or reduced phyllosphere colonization capacity. Conclusion: This research provides compelling evidence that targeted foliar application of specific phyllosphere-derived PGPB strains, particularly E. hormaechei and S. maltophilia, constitutes an innovative and highly effective strategy for enhancing maize productivity and nutritional quality under field conditions. The demonstrated improvements are mechanistically linked to the bacteria's multifunctional plant growth-promoting attributes, including enhanced nitrogen fixation capacity, sophisticated phytohormone modulation, and efficient siderophore-mediated iron sequestration. The significant enhancement of nutrient concentrations represents a major advancement toward sustainable nutrient management practices. These findings establish a robust scientific foundation for developing next-generation foliar bioinoculant technologies that can significantly reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers while simultaneously addressing global food security and nutritional challenges. The study opens new avenues for sustainable agricultural innovation through strategic manipulation of phyllosphere microbiomes and provides crucial insights for optimizing application protocols, strain selection criteria, and integration with existing agricultural practices. Future research should focus on elucidating molecular mechanisms underlying plant-bacteria interactions in the phyllosphere and developing commercial formulations for large-scale agricultural implementation. فیلوسفر گیاهان، زیستگاه مجموعه‌ای متنوع از ریزجانداران مفید از جمله باکتری‌های محرک رشد گیاه (PGPB) است که پتانسیل قابل‌توجهی برای بهبود رشد و عملکرد گیاهان دارند. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی تأثیر محلول‌پاشی برگی باکتری‌های بومی جداسازی‌شده از فیلوسفر ذرت بر عملکرد و جذب عناصر غذایی این گیاه در شرایط مزرعه‌ای انجام شد. آزمایش به صورت طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال زراعی ۱۴۰۰-۱۳۹۹ اجرا گردید. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل محلول‌پاشی برگی با سه گونه باکتری Enterobacter hormaechei (AC. MN099393)، Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (AC. MN099392) و Microbacterium arborescens (AC. MN099379) و همچنین یک تیمار شاهد (بدون باکتری) بود. نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد باکتری‌های E. hormaechei و S. maltophilia به‌طور معنی‌داری وزن خشک اندام هوایی ذرت را بهترتیب 10/7 و 11 درصد در مقایسه با شاهد افزایش دادند. بیشترین افزایش در غلظت نیتروژن (26/66درصد) مربوط به تیمار E. hormaechei بود. همچنین، این دو باکتری منجر به افزایش معنی‌دار غلظت آهن اندام هوایی (به ترتیب 37/3درصد و 33/2درصد) شدند. همچنین باکتری E. hormaechei منجر به افزایش معنی‌دار غلظت منگنز اندام هوایی (39درصد) شد. با این حال، تأثیر تیمارها بر وزن تر اندام هوایی و غلظت فسفر، پتاسیم، روی و مس معنی‌دار نبود. یافته‌ها مؤید این است که محلول‌پاشی برگی با باکتری‌های محرک رشد فیلوسفر، به‌ویژه سویه‌های E. hormaechei و S. maltophilia، می‌تواند به‌عنوان یک راهکار زیست‌محیطی و مؤثر در جهت بهبود عملکرد و ارتقای وضعیت تغذیه‌ای گیاه ذرت در سیستم‌های کشاورزی پایدار مورد بهره‌برداری قرار گیرد.

https://sbj.areeo.ac.ir/article_135140_3ff861f258dacd7690a0e6e2613e8620.pdf

انجمن علوم خاک ایران زیست شناسی خاک 2345-2536 13 2 2026 01 21 Enhancing Agricultural Sustainability through Biofertilizers: A Comprehensive Review of Endophytic Fungi, Trichoderma, Mycorrhiza, and PGPR with a Reflection on Iranian Research کودهای زیستی در گذار به کشاورزی پایدار: کاوشی جامع در نقش قارچ‌های اندوفیت، تریکودرما، مایکوریزا و باکتری‌های محرک رشد گیاه با تأملی بر پژوهش‌های ایرانی 229 261 135191 10.22092/sbj.2026.370584.287 FA احمد اخوان استادیار گروه تولیدات گیاهی و گیاه‌پزشکی، پژوهشکده کشاورزی، سازمان پژوهش‌های علمی و صنعتی ایران، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2025 09 27 Background and Objectives: The escalating global demand for food production, driven by a rapidly growing population projected to reach 9.6 to 12.3 billion by 2100, has intensified the pressure on agricultural systems. To meet this demand, traditional agriculture has heavily relied on chemical fertilizers. However, this approach has led to widespread environmental degradation, including soil depletion, groundwater pollution, eutrophication, and a significant reduction in biodiversity. Furthermore, climate change poses a severe threat to global food security, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions like Iran, where abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity are becoming increasingly prevalent. Predictions indicate that climate change could reduce the yields of major staple crops like wheat and rice by over 15% in developing regions by the mid-century. Consequently, there is an urgent need to transition towards sustainable agricultural practices that maintain soil health and crop productivity without the adverse effects of synthetic inputs. Biofertilizers, comprising beneficial microorganisms such as endophytic fungi, Trichoderma spp. arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), emerge as promising eco-friendly solutions. These biological agents employ various mechanisms, including biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, and the synthesis of phytohormones, to enhance nutrient use efficiency and plant resilience. Despite the proven efficacy of these microorganisms in controlled environments, their adoption in Iranian agriculture remains limited due to technological, awareness, and commercialization gaps. The primary objectives of this review are to synthesize the current knowledge on the mechanisms and applications of these biofertilizers, evaluate their role in mitigating abiotic stresses with a specific emphasis on findings from Iranian agricultural research, and critically assess the challenges and future prospects for the commercialization of biofertilizers in Iran. Review Methods: A systematic review was conducted to analyze the landscape of biofertilizer research and application in the context of sustainable agriculture. A comprehensive multi-database search strategy was employed, utilizing international platforms such as Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect, as well as Iranian national repositories including MagIran, Scientific Information Database (SID), and Civilica. This dual approach ensured the inclusion of both global advancements and localized studies relevant to Iran's specific agro-climatic conditions. The review covered publications spanning from January 2000 to September 2025. Key search terms included "biofertilizers", "sustainable agriculture", "endophytic fungi", "drought resistance", "PGPR", "Trichoderma", "Mycorrhiza", and "Iran". The study critically synthesized data regarding nutrient mobilization mechanisms, physiological responses to stress, and soil health indicators. Furthermore, the review analyzed the current status of biofertilizer registration and standardization in Iran, referencing national standards (ISIRI) to evaluate the gap between research output and market availability. Results: The synthesized literature reveals that biofertilizers significantly enhance agricultural sustainability through a complex network of direct and indirect mechanisms. Regarding nutrient mobilization, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) play a pivotal role by extending hyphal networks into the soil matrix, thereby increasing the absorptive surface area of roots. This mechanism significantly enhances the uptake of immobile nutrients, particularly Phosphorus (P) and Zinc (Zn), and can reduce the necessity for chemical phosphorus fertilizers by approximately 20-40%. Concurrently, Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) such as Azotobacter, Azospirillum, and Rhizobium facilitate biological nitrogen fixation, capable of contributing up to 300 kg of nitrogen per hectare annually, while also solubilizing insoluble phosphates through the secretion of organic acids. In the context of stress mitigation, the review highlights that biofertilizers induce systemic tolerance to abiotic stresses, which is crucial for farming in Iran's dry climate. Beneficial microbes upregulate the expression of stress-responsive genes, enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes like Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) to scavenge Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), and promote the accumulation of osmolytes such as proline. Specifically, Trichoderma species have been shown to alleviate salinity stress in crops like pistachio and tomato by regulating the Na+/K+ ratio and enhancing root architecture. Endophytic fungi contribute by synthesizing phytohormones (IAA, GA) that boost root biomass and maintain chlorophyll content under water-deficit conditions. Analysis of Iranian research indicates significant positive outcomes in field trials. Application of combined biofertilizers has demonstrated yield increases ranging from 10% to 67% in strategic and medicinal crops such as saffron, quinoa, canola, and medicinal herbs, alongside improvements in quality parameters like protein and oil content. However, despite the existence of over 900 research articles and the establishment of national standards (ISIRI 22300-22306), the commercialization landscape presents a paradox. While the scientific infrastructure exists, Iran’s market share of biofertilizers remains below 5%. The review identifies key barriers, including the instability of microbial formulations under harsh field conditions, lack of farmer awareness, and insufficient policy incentives compared to subsidized chemical fertilizers. Conclusion: This comprehensive review confirms that biofertilizers harnessing endophytic fungi, Trichoderma, mycorrhizae, and PGPR offer a robust and viable framework for transitioning to sustainable agriculture. These biological inputs address critical nutrient inefficiencies and environmental stresses while allowing for a significant reduction in chemical input dependency. The evidence confirms their efficacy in enhancing crop yields (10-40%) and improving stress tolerance, which is vital for food security in changing climates. However, bridging the significant gap between research findings and practical application in Iran requires a multi-faceted approach. Future development priorities must shift from simple single-strain inoculants to the development of stable, multi-strain consortia adapted to local abiotic stresses (salinity and heat). Furthermore, the establishment of strict quality control protocols based on national standards and the implementation of supportive policy incentives are essential to build farmer confidence. By integrating these biotechnological tools with modern agronomic practices, it is possible to foster resilient agroecosystems that ensure both economic viability and environmental harmony. کشاورزی سنتی برای افزایش تولید به مصرف فزاینده نهادههای شیمیایی متکی شده که پیامدهایی همچون آلودگی محیطزیست، تخریب خاک و تهدید سلامت را در پی داشته است. پر کردن شکاف تولید بدون آسیب به زیستکره از طریق جایگزینهایی مانند کودهای زیستی امکانپذیر است. این مقاله مروری با هدف پر کردن شکاف دانش در حوزه کودهای زیستی، ارائه تصویر جامع و به‌روز از کارایی آنها، تحلیل چالشها و جهتگیریهای آینده، تأثیرگذاری بر سیاستگذاری و بازار، ارزشگذاری بر پژوهشهای داخلی و ایجاد منبعی قابل‌دسترس برای دانشجویان نگاشته شده است. باکتریهای تثبیت کننده نیتروژن هوا را به فرم قابل جذب تبدیل میکنند. باکتریهایی مانند پسودوموناس و باسیلوس، مواد معدنی از جمله فسفر و پتاسیم را برای گیاهان قابلدسترس میکنند. قارچهای مایکوریزا با گسترش شبکه هیفی، جذب آب و مواد مغذی را در شرایط خشکی و شوری بهبود میبخشند. قارچ تریکودرما با تولید آنزیمها و هورمونها، مقاومت گیاه به بیماریها و تنشها را افزایش میدهد. دستاوردهای تحقیقات داخلی نشان می‌دهد که کاربرد این کودها میتواند عملکرد محصولات استراتژیک را ۱۰ تا ۴۰ درصد بهبود بخشد، سلامت خاک را تقویت کند و کارایی مصرف آب را در شرایط تنش افزایش دهد. نقطه قوت اصلی، دانش فنی بومی و اثربخشی سویههای میکروبی بومی در شرایط اقلیمی کشور است. بااینحال، چالشهایی مانند پراکندگی پژوهشها، نبود فرمولاسیونهای پایدار و تجاری، کمبود زیرساخت ترویجی و ضعف در سیاستگذاری یکپارچه، مانع توسعه مقیاسپذیر این فناوری شدهاند.

https://sbj.areeo.ac.ir/article_135191_06d64f4c00225e91958370097b3916a2.pdf