The effect of cadmium on soil respiration, urease activity and nitrification in a vermicompost-enriched calcareous soil over time

Authors

1 Former MS Student, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch

2 Assistant professor, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch

3 Professor, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch

Abstract

Todaysoil pollution with heavy metals, especially cadmium due to its abundance in agricultural land has gained much more attention.In the present research, the effects of 0, 2 and 5 mg Cd kgˉ¹ soil were studied on soil respiration, mineralization of organic matter, urease activity and nitrification in a sandy clay loamsoil containing 2% vermicompost. Cadmium concentrations were examined in a factorial layout with a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications under laboratory conditions during 3, 7, 31, 62 and 93 days. Before starting the experiment, the soil incubated for two weeks with vermicompost to achieve consistency in biological conditions. The results showed that cadmium had significant effect on the soil respiration and soil organic matter content but it did not have any effect on the specific activity of urease and soil nitrate concentration. On the other hand, the results revealed that incubation time had a significant influence on all determined parameters including specific activity of urease, soil respiration, the organic matter content and the nitrate concentration (P ˂ 0.01). The correlation coefficient between cadmium and examined parameters showed that cadmium treatment had no effect on urease activity and nitrification process and probably other soil properties affect the nitrification and urease activity in soil sample. Our results demonstratedthat among investigated factors soil respiration and organic carbon percentage are the most sensitive ones in treated cadmium concentrations.

Keywords

References

  1. احیایی، م. بهبهانی­زاده، ع. ا. 1372. شرح روش­های تجزیه شیمیایی خاک، نشریه فنی شماره893. موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، نشر آموزش کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. صفحه 150.
  2. کاظم علیلو، س. رسولی صدقیانی، ا. ارزیابی برخی شاخص­های زیستی خاک در حضور میکروارگانیسم­ها­ی محرک رشد گیاه و آلودگی کادمیمی خاک. مجله تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران. دوره 44 بهار ،1شماره،  68-57.
  3. کسرائیان، ع. کریمیان، ن. و غفوری. 1391. ارزیابی توزیع مکانی و تعیین نقاط بحرانی آلودگی کادمیم در بخشی از زمین های کشاورزی غرب شیراز به روش کریجینگ. نشریه آب و فاضلاب. شماره 4، 50-44.
  4. یزدان پناه، ن. فتوت، ا. لکزیان، ا. حق نیا، غ. 1387. تأثیر فلزات سنگین روی و کادمیم بر فر آیند تنفس میکروبی در دو خاک آهکی و غیر آهکی. آب و خاک (علوم وصنایع کشاورزی). دور
  5. 22، 68-59.Aceves, M., C., Grace, J., Ansorena, L., Dendooven, P.C., Brookes. 1999. Soil microbial biomass and organic C in gradient of zinc concentrations in soil around a mine spoil tip. Soil. Biology and Biochemistery. 31: 867-876.
  6. Anderson, J.P.E. 1982. Soil respiration. p. 831-871. In: A.L.Page and R.H Miller (eds.) Methods of soil analysis. Part2. Chemical and microbiological properties. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.
  7. Babula, P., Ryant, P. and Adam, V. 2009. The role of sulphur in cadmium ions detoxification demonstrated in invitro model: Dionaea muscipula. Environment Chemistry 7: 353-361.
  8. Badine, N.N.Y., Chotte, J.L., Pate, E., Masse, D. and Rouland, C. 2001. Use of soil enzyme activities to monitor soil quality in natural and improved fallows in semi-arid tropical regions. Applied Soil Ecology 18:229–238.
  9. Baszynski, T., Wajda, L., Krol, M., Wolinska, D., Krupa, Z. and Tukendorf, A. 1980. Photosynthetic activities of cadmium-treated tomato plants. Journal of Plant Physiology. 48: 365–370.
  10. Burns, R.G. 1983. Extracellular enzyme-substrate interactions in soil. pp. 249-298. In: Microbes in Their Natural Environment (Slater JH, Wittenbury R and Wimpenny JWT Eds). Cambridge University Press, London.
  11. Chaudhuri, D., Tripathy, S., Veeresh, H., Powell, M.A. and Hart, B.R. 2003. Relationship of chemical fractions of heavy metals with microbial and enzyme activities in sludge and ashamended acid lateritic soil from India. Environmental Geology 45: 115-123. DOI: 10.1007/ s00254-003-0864-4.
  12. Diaz-Ravina, M. and Bååth, E. 1996. Development of metal tolerance in soil bacterial communities exposed to experimentally increased metal levels. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62: 2970-2977.
  13. Dubey, R. 2011. Metal toxicity, oxidative stress and antioxidative defense system in plants, in Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Higher Plants. S. D. Gupta, Ed., pp. 177–203.
  14. Efeoglu, B. 2009. Heat shock proteins and heat shock response in plants. Journal Science 22: 67-75.
  15. Egli, M., Sartori, G., Mirabella, A., Giaccai, D., Favillli, F., Scherrer, D., Krebs, R. and Delbos, E. 2010. The influence of weathering and organic matter on heavy metals lability in silicatic Alpine soils. Science of the Total Environment 408: 931-946.
  16. Gee, G.W. and Bauder, J.W. 1986. Particle size analysis, hydrometer method. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. D. L. Sparks et al. (eds.) part III, 3rd ed. American Society of Agronomy. Inc, Madison, WI. PP: 383- 411.
  17. Haanstra, L. and Doelman, P. 1991. An ecological dose-response model approach to short-and long-term effects of heavy metals on arylsul-phatase activity in soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils 11: 18 23.
  18. Hinojosa, M.B., Carrerra, J.A., Rodrĭguez –Maroto, J.M. and Garcĭa –Ruĭz, R. 2008. Effects of pyrite sludge pollution on soil enzyme activities: Ecological dose – response model. Science of the Total Environment. 396.
  19. Jinlong, Y., Guixiang, Q. and Cheng, D. 2013. Effects of the combined pollution of lead and cadmium on soil urease activity and nitrification. Procedia Enviromental Sciences 18: 78-83.
  20. Kizikaya, R., Askýnŋ, T., Bayraklý, B. and Sađlam, M. 2004. Microbiological characteristics of soil contaminated with heavy metals. European Journal of Soil Biology 40: 95-102.
  21. Knudsen, D., Peterson, G.A. and Pratt, P.E. 1982. Lithium, sodium and potassium. pp. 225-246.
  22. Landi, L., G., Renella, J.L., Moreno, L., Falchini, P., Nannipieri, 2000. Influence of cadmium on the metabolic quotient, L-, D- glutamic acid respiration ratio and enzyme activity, microbial biomass ratio under laboratory conditions. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 32: 8-16.
  23. Luo, Y. and Zhou X. 2006. Soil respiration and the Environment. Academic press.
  24. Lindsay, W.L. and Norvell, W.A. 1978. Development of a DTPA test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper, Soil Science Society of America Journal 42: 421- 428.
  25. Maftoun, M.F., Rassooli, Z. Ali Nejad. and Karimian. 2004. Cadmium sorption behavior in some highly calcareous soils of Iran. Communications in Soil Science and Plant analysis. 35: 1271- 1282.
  26. Makoi, H.J.R. and Ndakidemi, P.A. 2008. Selected soil enzymes: Example of their potential roles in the ecosystem. African Journal of Biotechnology 7(3): 181-191.
  27. Nelson, D.W. and Sommers, L.E. 1996. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. D. L. Sparks et al. (eds.) part III, 3rd ed. American Society of Agronomy. Inc., Madison, WI. PP: 961–1010.
  28. Olsen, S.R., Cole C.V., Watanabe F.S. and Dean L.A. 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate USDA Circ. No. 939.
  29. Paulson, K.N. and Kurtz, L.T .1969.Locus of urease activity in soil. Soil Science Society of America Proceeding 33: 897-901.
  30. Rhoades, J.D. 1996. Salinity: Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. D. L. Sparks et al. (eds.) part III, 3rd ed. American Society of Agronomy. Inc., Madison, WI. PP: 417- 436.
  31. Rock, R.C., Walker, W.G. and Jennings, C.D. 1986. Nitrogen Metabolites and Renal Function. In: Textbook of Clinical Chemistry. Edited by NW Titez. WB Saunders. Philadelphia, USA.
  32. Safari Sinegani, A.A.  and Emtiazi, G. 2006. The relative effects of some elements on the DNS method in cellulose assay. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental  Managment 10(3): 93-96.
  33. Safari Sinegani, A.A. and Mirahamdi Araki, H. 2010. Changes in chemical forms of lead in temperate and semiarid soils in sterile and unsterile conditions. Environmental Chemistry Letters  8:323–330.
  34. Safari Sinegani, A.A. and Jafari M. 2016. Chemical speciation and bioavailability of cadmium in the temperate and semiarid soils treated with wheat residue.Environmental Science and Pollution Research.
  35. Singha, D.D., Anoop, S. and Gupta, A.P. 1998. Nitrogen transformation in sewage – sludge amended soil as influenced by addition of zinc, cadmium, and nickel. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 68(2): 96-100. DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(94)90140-6.
  36. Sumner, M.E. and Miller, W.P. 1996. Cation exchange capacity and exchange coefficients. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. D. L. Sparks et al. (eds.) part III, 3rd ed. American Society of Agronomy. Inc., Madison, WI. PP: 1201- 1229.
  37. Sun, B., Zhou, S.L. and Zhao, Q.G. 2003. Soil heavy metal compositive pollution based on spatial variation. Agriculture Environmental Sciences 22: 248-51
  38. Tejada, M. 2009. Application of different organic wastes in a soil polluted by cadium. Effect on soil biological properties. Geoderma, 153: 254 - 268. DOI:10.1016/j. biortech2007.06.002.
  39. Thomas, G.W. 1996. Soil pH and soil acidity. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. D. L. Sparks et al. (eds.) part III, 3rd ed. American Society of Agronomy. Inc., Madison, WI. PP: 475- 490.
  40. Udawatta, R.P., Kremer, R.J., Garrett, H.E. and Anderson, S.H. 2009. Soil enzyme activities and physical properties in a watershed managed under agroforestry and row-crop systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 131: 98-104.
  41. Walkley, A. and Black, I.A. 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining organic carbon in soils: Effect of variations in digestion conditions and of inorganic soil constituents. Soil Science 63: 251-263.
  42. Wang, B., Xue, S., Liu, G.B., Zhang, G.H., Li, G. and Ren, Z.P. 2012. Changes in soil nutrient and enzyme activities under different vegetations in the Loess Plateau area, Northwest China. Catena 92: 186-195.
  43. Wang, J., Lu, Y. and Shen. G. 2007. Combined effects of cadmium and butachlor on soil enzyme activities and microbial community structure. Environmental Geology 51: 1221-1228.
  44. Williams, C.T., Mc-Neilly, T. and Wellington, E.M.H. 1977. The decomposition of vegetation growing on metal mine waste. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 9: 271–275.
  45. Yuangen, Y., Campbell, C.D., Clark, L., Cameron, C.M. and Paterson, E. 2006. Microbial indicators of heavy metal contamination in urban and rural soils. Chemosphere 63: 1942-1952.
  46. Zalaghi, R.  and Safari-Sinegani A.A. 2016. The importance of different forms of Pb on diminishing biological activities in a calcareous soil. Department of Soil Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
  47. Zheng, C.R., Tu, C. and Chen, H.M. 1999. Effect of combined heavy metal pollution on nitrogen mineralization potential, urease and phosphatase activities in a typic udic ferrisol. Pedosphere 9(3), 251.
Journal of Sol Biology
Volume 5, Issue 2
March 2018
Pages 137-147

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics