The effect of Chlorpyrifos on frequency of some microorganisms in soil in the laboratory condition

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD student. Soil Science College of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University. Hamadan

2 Professor. Soil Science College of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University. Hamadan

3 Assistant Professor. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Imam Hossein University, Tehran

4 Assistant Professor. Department of Biology Sciences, Faculty of Science, Imam Hossein University, Tehran

Abstract

Chlorpyrifos is one of the most widely used pesticides in agriculture and may have a detrimental effect on soil microorganisms. In a laboratory research, the effect of different concentrations of chlorpyrifos (0, 4, 12, 50 mg/kg) on the log frequency of fungi, actinomycete, pseudomonas, intestinal bacteria and azotobacter during  2, 4, 7, 18, 30 and 40 days was considered as a repeated measures ANOVA. The effect of the organophosphorus pesticide also evaluated on biodiversity of the microorganisms. Result showed that after application of 4 mg/kg chlorpyrifos in the soil, the frequency of actinomycete and azotobacter decreased but pseudomonas frequency increased compared to control. Frequency of intestinal bacteria and fungi were similar to control. The log frequency of the most studied microorganisms decreased after 12 and 50 mg/kg chlorpyrifos application. In concentrations of 4 and 50 mg/kg chlorpyrifos, richness of the studied microorganism increased and decreased respectively, compared to the control. In 4 and 12 mg/kg chlorpyrifos concentrations, biological diversity and evenness decreased but dominance index increased in comparison with control treatment. Therefore, application of chlorpyrifos, especially more than the recommended dose, had inhibitory effect on the frequency and diversity of soil microorganisms, in the period of 40 days after application.

Keywords


  1. Abhilash, P. and Singh, N. 2009. Pesticide use and application: an Indian scenario. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 165(1): 1-12.
  2. Bhanti, M. and Taneja, A. 2007. Contamination of vegetables of different seasons with organophosphorous pesticides and related health risk assessment in northern India. Chemosphere. 69(1): 63-68.
  3. Castillo, J.M., Casas, J. and Romero, E. 2011. Isolation of an endosulfan degrading bacterium from a coffee farm soil: Persistence and inhibitory effect on its biological functions. Science of the Total Environment. 15: 20-27.
  4. Cho, C.M.H., Mulchandani, A. and Chen, W. 2002. Bacterial cell surface display of organophosphorus hydrolase for selective screening of improved hydrolysis of organophosphate nerve agents. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 68(4): 2026-2030.
  5. Das, A. and Mukherjee, D. 2000. Soil application of insecticides influences microorganisms and plant nutrients. Applied Soil Ecology. 14(1): 55-62.
  6. DeBenedictis, P.A. 1973. On the correlations between certain diversity indices. The American Naturalist. 107(954): 295-302.
  7. Dutta, M., Sardar, D., Pal, R. and Kole, R.K. 2010. Effect of chlorpyrifos on microbial biomass and activities in tropical clay loam soil. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 160(1): 385-391.
  8. Eisenhauer, N., Klier, M., Partsch, S., Sabais, A.C., Scherber, C., Weisser, W.W. and Scheu, S. 2009. No interactive effects of pesticides and plant diversity on soil microbial biomass and respiration. Applied Soil Ecology. 42(1): 31-36.
  9. Fang, H., Wang, X. and Shan, M. 2006. Dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil in a greenhouse. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 18(4): 760-764.
  10. Franco-Andreu, L., Gómez, I., Parrado, J., García, C., Hernández, T. and Tejada, M. 2016. Behavior of two pesticides in a soil subjected to severe drought. Effects on soil biology. Applied Soil Ecology. 105: 17-24.
  11. Gómez, I., Rodríguez-Morgado, B., Parrado, J., García, C., Hernández, T. and Tejada, M. 2014. Behavior of oxyfluorfen in soils amended with different sources of organic matter. Effects on soil biology. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 273: 207-214.
  12. Goswami, M.R., Pati, U.K., Chowdhury, A. and Mukhopadhyay, A. 2013. Studies on the effect of cypermethrin on soil microbial biomass and its activity in an alluvial soil. International Journal of Agricultural and Food. 3(1): 1-9.
  13. Hussain, S., Siddique, T., Saleem, M., Arshad, M. and Khalid, A. 2009. Impact of pesticides on soil microbial diversity, enzymes, and biochemical reactions. Advances in Agronomy. 102: 159-200.
  14. Jacobsen, C.S. and Hjelmsø, M.H. 2014. Agricultural soils, pesticides and microbial diversity. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 27: 15-20.
  15. Kadian, N., Malik, A., Satya, S. and Dureja, P. 2012. Effect of organic amendments on microbial activity in chlorpyrifos contaminated soil. Journal of Environmental Management. 95: S199-S202.
  16. Magurran, A.E. 2013. Measuring biological diversity. John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA.
  17. Menon, P., Gopal, M. and Prasad, R. 2004. Influence of two insecticides, chlorpyrifos and quinalphos, on arginine ammonification and mineralizable nitrogen in two tropical soil types. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 52(24): 7370-7376.
  18. Mrkovacki, N.B., Cacic, N.A. and Milic, V.M. 2002. Effects of Pesticides on Azotobacter chroococcum. Proceedings for Natural Sciences Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauk.102: 23- 28.
  19. Pandey, S. and Singh, D.K. 2004. Total bacterial and fungal population after chlorpyrifos and quinalphos treatments in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) soil. Chemosphere. 55(2): 197-205.
  20. Rodríguez-Morgado, B., Gómez, I., Parrado, J. and Tejada, M. 2014. Behaviour of oxyfluorfen in soils amended with edaphic biostimulants/biofertilizers obtained from sewage sludge and chicken feathers. Effects on soil biological properties. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 21(18): 11027-11035.
  21. Safari Sinegani, A.A., Sharifi, Z. and Safari Sinegani, M. (2010). Method in applied microbiology. Hamadan, Bu-Ali Sina, University Press.
  22. Sardar, D. and Kole, R.K. 2005. Metabolism of chlorpyrifos in relation to its effect on the availability of some plant nutrients in soil. Chemosphere. 61(9): 1273-1280.
  23. Scheiner, S.M. 2012. Biological diversity: Frontiers in measurement and assessment. In: Magurran. A.E. and McGill. B.J (ed). The Quarterly Review of Biology. 87(3): 254-254.
  24. Shan, M., Fang, H., Wang, X., Feng, B., Chu, X.-q. and Yu, Y.-l. 2006. Effect of chlorpyrifos on soil microbial populations and enzyme activities. Journal of Environmental Sciences-Amsterdam. 18(1): 4-5.
  25. Shannon, C.E. 2001. A mathematical theory of communication. ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review. 5(1): 3-55.
  26. Singh, P., Sharma, S., Saini, H. and Chadha, B. 2009. Biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas sp. and its role in aqueous phase partitioning and biodegradation of chlorpyrifos. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 49(3): 378-383.
  27. Solomon, K.R., Williams, W.M., Mackay, D., Purdy, J., Giddings, J.M. and Giesy, J.P. (2014). Properties and uses of chlorpyrifos in the United States. Ecological Risk Assessment for Chlorpyrifos in Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems in the United States. 13-34.
  28. Swift, R. and Sparks, D. 1996. Methods of soil analysis: Part 3: Chemical methods. Soil Science Society of America. Book Series. Madison, WI, USA.
  29. Tejada, M., García, C., Hernández, T. and Gómez, I. 2015. Response of soil microbial activity and biodiversity in soils polluted with different concentrations of cypermethrin insecticide. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 69(1): 8-19.
  30. Tejada, M., Rodríguez-Morgado, B., Gómez, I. and Parrado, J. 2014. Degradation of chlorpyrifos using different biostimulants/biofertilizers: Effects on soil biochemical properties and microbial community. Applied Soil Ecology. 84: 158-165.
  31. Tu, C. 1970. Effect of four organophosphorus insecticides on microbial activities in soil. Applied Microbiology. 19(3): 479-484.
  32. Tu, C. 1972. Effect of four nematocides on activities of microorganisms in soil. Applied Microbiology. 23(2): 398-401.
  33. Vischetti, C., Coppola, L., Monaci, E., Cardinali, A. and Castillo, M.d.P. 2007. Microbial impact of the pesticide chlorpyrifos on Swedish and Italian biobeds. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 27(3): 267-272.
  34. Wang, M-C., Liu, Y-H., Wang, Q., Gong, M., Hua, X-M., Pang, Y-J., Hu, S. and Yang, Y-H. 2008. Impacts of methamidophos on the biochemical, catabolic, and genetic characteristics of soil microbial communities. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 40(3): 778-788.
  35. Yang, Z., Liu, Y., Liu, D. and Zhou, Z. 2012. Determination of organophosphorus pesticides in soil by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and gas chromatography. Journal of Chromatographic Science. 50(1): 15-20.
  36. Zhang, Y., Hou, Y., Chen, F., Xiao, Z., Zhang, J. and Hu, X. 2011. The degradation of chlorpyrifos and diazinon in aqueous solution by ultrasonic irradiation: effect of parameters and degradation pathway. Chemosphere. 82(8): 1109-1115