Effect of Carboxin-thiram on Symbiosis of Wheat and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Microbiology graduated student, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, College of Science, Microbiology Department, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Scientific Staff of Soil Biology Department, Soil and Water Research Institute, Iran

3 Professor, Scientific Staff of Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch

Abstract

Biofertilizers not only have positive effects on soil sustainable fertility, but also beneficial economic and environmental attributes. Therefore, they can be used as a suitable substitute to replace all, or at least some of, the chemical fertilizers. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are one of the most important kinds of biofertilizers. Considering the wide use of Carboxin thiram to control fungus pathogens in wheat cultivation in Iran, this project was designed and performed to define the effects of this fungicide on the symbiosis establishment between wheat and different species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In a greenhouse test, the effect of Carboxin thiram  was studied at two rates of zero and 2gr/1000 gr on symbiosis of 6 mycorrhizal fungal species (Glomus clarum, Glomus caledonium, Glomus mosseae, Glomus sp, Glomus geosporum, Glomus versiforme), wheat (cv.Chamran ) growth indexes, spore population, and root colonization percentage. Results showed that seed treatment with Carboxin thiram had no significant effect on yield components of wheat (cv.Chamran). Inoculation with the mycorrhizal fungi and using Carboxin thiram significantly increased spore population (p<0.01) and root colonization (p<0.05). Maximum and minimum spore population in symbiosis produced by G.geosporum and G.clarum fungi in Carboxin thiram treatment were 34.37 and 5 spores per gram of soil, respectively. Finally, we concluded that using wheat seeds of cv. Chamran treated with Carboxin thiram had no negative effects on mycorhizal symbiosis of wheat with the studied fungi.

Keywords

References

  1. بهنیا، م. 1376. غلات سردسیری. چاپ دوم. انتشارات دانشگاه نهران
  2. رجالی، ف. 1389. شناسایی قارچ­های میکوریز آربوسکولار بومی اراضی زیر کشت گندم دیم و تعیین توانایی آن­ها برای برقراری رابطه همزیستی با گیاه گندم، گزارش­نهایی شماره 1515. موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب.
  3. رجالی، ف. ، ه. اسدی رحمانی، ک. خاوازی، ا. اصغرزاده، م. افشاری. 1389. جایگاه کودهای بیولوژیک فسفاتی و ضرورت توسعه آنها درکشاورزی ایران، اولین کنگره چالش­های کود درایران : نیم قرن مصرف کود، 12-10 اسفند 1389، تهران.
  4. علی احیایی، م. و ع. ا. بهبهانی‌زاده. 1372. شرح روش­های تجزیه خاک (جلد اول). مؤسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب. نشریه شماره 893، تهران، ایران.
  5. نصیری محلاتی، م.، ع. کوچکی، پ. رضوانی، ع. بهشتی. 1380. اگرواکولوژی. انتشارات دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد.
  6. Afek, U., J. A. Menge, and E.L. V. Johnson. 1990.Effect of Pythium ultimum and metalaxyl treatment on root length and mycorrhizal colonization of cotton, onion, and pepper. Plant Dis. 74:117-120.
  7. Afek, U.,J. A. Menge, and  E.L. V. Johnson. 1991. Intraction among mycorrhizae, soil solarization,metalaxyl, and plants in the field. Plant Dis. 75:665-671
  8. Alexander, M. 1965. Most probable number method for microbial populations. P. 1467-1472. In: Black, C.A. (ed.) Methods of soil analysis, part 2: Chemical and microbial properties. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.
  9. Al-Karaki, G.N. 2000. Growth of mycorrhizal tomato and mineral acquisition under salt stress. Mycorrhiza 10:51–54.
  10. Allen E. B., and N. E. West. 1993. Nontarget effects of the herbicide tebuthiuron on mycorrhizal fungi in sagebrush semidesert. Mycorrhiza 3: 75-78
  11. Alten, H. von, A. Lindemann, F. Schonbeck. 1993. Stimulation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza by fungicides or rhizosphere bacteria. Mycorrhiza 2:167-173
  12. Azcón-Aguilar, J. M. Barea, 2002. Applying mycorrhiza biotechnology to horticulture: significance and potentials. Scientia Horticulturae, Volume 68, Pages 1-24.
  13. Bethlenfalvay, G. J. and Linderman, R. G. 1992. Mycorrhizae in sustainable agriculture. ASA special publication number 54, US.
  14. Bhattarai, T. and D. Hess. 1993. Yeild responses of Nepalese spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars to inculation with Azospirillum spp of Nepalese origin. Plant and Soil 151: 67-76
  15. Chen, J. 2006. The combined use of chemical and organic fertilizers and/or biofertilizer for crop growth and soil fertility. International Workshop on Sustained Management of the Soil-Rhizosphere System for Efficient Crop Production and Fertilizer Use. October 2006,16 - 20. Thailand. 11 pp.
  16. Cochran, W.G. 1950. Estimation of bacterial densities by means of the "most probable number" method. Biometrics 6: 105-116
  17. Copman, R.H., C.A. Martin, J.C. Stutz. 1996. Tomato growth in response to salinity and mycorrhizal fungi from saline or non-saline Soils. Hortscience 31: 341-344.
  18. Cordier, C., S. Gianinazzi, V. Gianinazzi-Pearson. 1996. Colonization Patterns of root tissues by phythophtora nicotianae Var Parasitica related to reduced diseade in mycorrhizal tomato. Plant and Soil 185: 223-232.
  19. Dehne, H.W. 1985. Influence of pesticides on the development of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae. Colloq INRA 31:255-263.
  20. Dehne, H.W. 1986. Untersuchungen zum Einflul von Pflanzenbehandhmgsmitteln auf das Auftreten der VA-Mycorrhiza. Meded Fac Landbouww Rijksuniv Gent 51:465-475
  21. DeLorenzo, M.E., G.I. Scott, P.E. Ross. 2001. Toxicity of pesticides to aquatic microorganisms: a review. Environ Toxicol Chem 20:84-98.
  22. Fang, Y.C., A.C. McGraw, M. Hakam, J.M. Hendrix. 1983. A procedure for isolating single-spore cultures of ertain endomycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol  93 : 107-114
  23. Fisher, R. A. and F. Yates. 1974. Statistical tables for biological, agricultural and medical research. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh (Table VIII 2: 66).
  24. Forster, H., H. Buchenauer and F. Grossmann. 1980. Nebenwirkungen der systemischen Fungizide Triadimenol und Triadimefon auf Gerstenpflanzen. II. Cytokininartige Effekte. Z Pflanzenkr Pflanzenschutz 87 : 640-653.
  25. Gerdemann, J.W., T.H. Nicolson. 1963. Spores of mycorrhizal Endogone extracted from soil by wet-sieving and decanting. Trans Br Mycol Soc 46:235-244
  26. Giovannetti, M., B. Mosse. 1980. An evaluation of techniques for measuring vesicular-arbuscular infection in roots. New Phytologist 84: 489-500.
  27. Hetrick, B.A.D., and G.W.T. Wilson.1991. Effect of mycorrhizal fungus species and  metalaxyl application on microbial suppression of  mycorrhizal symbiosis. Mycologia 83:97-102.
  28. Hogland, D.R and D.I. Arnon. 1950. The Water Culture Method for Growing Plants Without Soil. Calif.Agric.Exp.Stn.Circ.,pp.39-347
  29. Jabaji-Hare, S.H., and W.B. Kendrick. 1985. Effect of fosetyl-Al on root exudation and on composition of extracts of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal leek roots. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 7:118-126.
  30. Jalali, B.L., K.H. Domsch. 1975. Effects of systemic fungitoxicants on the development of endotrophic mycorrhiza. p. 619-626. In: Sanders, F.E., B. Mosse and P.B. Tinker. (eds.) Endomycorrhizas. Academic Press, London New York San Francisco.
  31. Kapoor, R., V. Chaudhary and A.K. Bhatnagar. 2007. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza and phosphorus application on artemisinin concentration in Artemisia annua L. Mycorrhiza 17:581-587.
  32. Kelman, W. M. and C. O. Qualset. 1991. Breeding for salinity stressed Environments:Recombinant Inbred wheat line under saline irrigation. Crop Sci. 31: 1223-1228.
  33. Li, T., and Z. Zhiwei. 2005. Arbuscular mycorrhizas in a hot and arid ecosystem in southwest China. Applied soil Ecology 29:135-141.
  34. Mark,G.L. and A.C. Cassells. 1996. Gentoype-dependence in the interaction between Glomus fasiculatum, Phytophthora fragariae and the wild Strawberry (Fragaria Vesca). Plant and Soil .185: 233-239.
  35. Marulanda, A., R. Azcon,Rviz, J.M.  Lazano. 2003. Contribution of Six arbuscular mycorrhizal fangal isolates to water uptake by Lactuca Sativa Plants Under drought Stress. Physiologia Plantarum 119: 1-8.
  36. Nagahashi, G., D.D. Douds, J.Y. Abney. 1996. Phosphorus amendment inhibits hyphal branching of the VAM fungus Gigaspore margarita directly and indirectly through its effect on root exudation. Mycorrhiza 6 (5): 403-408.
  37. Nemec, S. 1980.  Effects of 11 fungicides on endomycorrhizal development in sour orange. Can J Bot 58 : 522-526.
  38. Newman, E.I. 1966. A method of estimating the total length of root in a sample. Journal of Applied Ecology 3: 139-145.
  39. Norris, J. R., D. J. Varma, A. K. 1994. Techniques for mycorrhizal research. Academic Press, New York.
  40. Pant, H.K. and K.R. Reddy, 2003. Potential internal loading of phosphorus in a wetlands constructed in agricultural land. Water Research. 37: 965-972
  41. Pattinson, G. S., D. I. Warton, R. Misman, P. A. McGee. 1997. The fungicides Terrazole and Terraclor and the nematicide Fenamiphos have little effect on root colonisation by Glomus mosseae and growth of cotton seedlings. Mycorrhiza 7: 155–159
  42. Rillig, M.C., S.F. Wright, V.T. Eviner. 2002. The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and glomalin Soil aggregation: Comparing effects of five plant species. Plant and Soil 238: 325-333.
  43. Schwab, S.M., E.L.V. Jjohnson, and J.A. Menge. 1982. Influence of simazine on formation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in Chenopodium quinona Willd.Plant Soil 64:283-287.
  44. Smith S.E. and D.J. Read. 1997. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, Academic Press. San Diego. CA.
  45. Smith, F.A. and S.E. Smith. 1997. Structural diversity in Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal Symbiosis. New Phytologist 137: 373-388.
  46. Stevenson, F. J. 1986. Cycles of Soil Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphours, Sulfur, Micronutrients.Wiley, New York.
  47. Treseder, K.K. 2004. A meta-analysis of mycorrhizal responses to nitrogen, phosphorus, and atmospheric CO2 in field studies. New Phytologist 164:347–355
  48. Vessey, J.K. 2003. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers. Plant Soil 255: 571-586.
  49. Vig, A. C. and G. Dev. 1984. Phosphorus adsorption characteristics of some acid and alkaline soils. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 32, 235-239.
  50. Wu, S.C., Z.H. Cao, Z.G. Li, K.C. Cheung, and M.H. Wong. 2005. Effects of biofertilizer containing N-fixer, P and K solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth: a greenhouse trial. Geoderma 125:155-166.
Journal of Sol Biology
Volume 1, Issue 1
January 2013
Pages 35-45

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics