The consequence of Amoxicillin, Cefixime, and metronidazole application on abundance and metabolism of bacteria in uncontaminated and heavy metal-contaminated soils

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Soil Science College of Agriculture Bu-Ali University Hamadan Iran

2 Soil Science College of Agriculture Bu-Ali Sina University Hamadan Iran

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Amoxicillin, Cefixime, and Metronidazole on some biological properties such as basal respiration, substrate-induced respiration, and bacterial abundance in uncontaminated and heavy metal-contaminated soils. The experiment has performed with a completely randomized factorial design with three replications. Factors include three soil types (heavy metal contaminated mine soil, rangeland soil near mine, and agricultural soil), seven antibiotic treatments (control, Amoxicillin, Cefixime, and Metronidazole, each one 100 and 200 mg per kg of dry soil) and three incubation times: short-time (zero-7 days), medium-time (15 and 30 days) and long-time (60 and 90 days)). The results showed that in the medium time, the application of 200 mg.kg-1 of antibiotics amoxicillin in agricultural soil and metronidazole in mine soil, resulted in the highest (8.4958) and lowest (4.4594) logarithm of the abundance of all soil bacteria. Rangeland soil had the highest basal respiration amount (0.1066 mg CO2. g-1dry soil. day-1) in short-time incubation, and agricultural soil had the lowest basal respiration amount in both long-time (0.0144) and medium-time (0.0172). The use of 100 mg of metronidazole per kg of rangeland soil in the short time resulted in the highest amount of substrate-induced respiration (0.0251 mg CO2. g-1 dry soil. h-1) and the use of 100 mg of amoxicillin per kg of agricultural soil in the medium incubation time resulted in the lowest substrate-induced respiration (0.0027). It seems that agricultural soil showed the highest abundance of bacteria and mine soil showed the highest amount of substrate-induced respiration. Rangeland soil had the highest amount of basal respiration and there was no significant difference with agricultural soil in the abundance of bacteria and mine soil in the amount of substrate induced respiration. Mine soil showed the lowest abundance of bacteria and agricultural soil showed the lowest amount of basal and substrate induced respiration. The application of metronidazole resulted in the highest amount of basal and substrate induced respiration, and the lowest abundance of bacteria. The application of amoxicillin and Cefixime showed the highest abundance of bacteria and the lowest amount of substrate induced respiration, respectively. Incubation in a short time had the highest amount of basal and substrate induced respiration. The highest abundance of bacteria and the lowest amount of substrate induced respiration were observed in the medium time. The long-time incubation showed the lowest abundance of bacteria and the lowest basal respiration amount.

Keywords

References

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Journal of Sol Biology
Volume 10, Issue 2
January 2023
Pages 193-213

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