نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشگاه تربیت مدرس
2 هئیت علمی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس
3 محقق موسسه
4 هیئت علمی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس
5 پژوهشگاه بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Background and objective:
Legumes are one of the most important vegetable sources rich in protein and the second most important human food source after cereals. 64% of the cultivated area of legumes in Iran is related to the cultivation of chickpeas, which ranks third among the crops in terms of cultivated area, after wheat and barley. Chickpeas are often cultivated in dry conditions and the yield of this crop in Iran is very low compared to the global average yield of chickpea producing countries. Waterdeficit is one of the important factors that reduce the yield of this plant.The present study has identified the most effective nitrogen-fixing rhizobium bacterium for chickpea of Anna variety and investigated its interaction with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Rhizophagusintraradices) in the yield and quality of chickpea seeds.
Material and Methods:
This project was done in three stages: In the first stage, 53 rhizobium isolates available in the microbial collection of the Soil and Water Research Institute of Iran were cultured. The second phase of the project was a greenhouse, which was carried out in two phases: the purpose of the first phase of this stage was to determine the most effective rhizobium bacteria symbiotic with the pea plant (Anna cultivar). For this purpose, rhizobium isolates were inoculated into chickpea plants and subjected to the plant contamination test. After about a month, the presence or absence of nodules on the roots of chickpea seedlings was checked. The isolates that were able to form nodules on the chickpea root system were transferred to the next phase. In the second phase of the second stage, during another greenhouse test and in comparison with specific levels of nitrogen, the molecular stabilization ability of the selected isolates using leonard jar containers and then measuring the amount of nitrogen by the Keldahl method as well as measuring the acetylene reduction process. Among the tested, the isolates which had the best result, was transferred to the next phase. The third (final) stage of the research was carried out in the fields of Sararood rain research station in the cropping season of 1400-1401. Chickpea cultivation in this area is done in a rainfed manner. In this factorial experiment, in the form of randomized complete block design, The first factor, fungal treatment in two levels of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. The second factor, bacterial treatment at two levels of inoculation with C-110 bacteria and without bacteria. The third factor was the levels of chemical fertilizers in two levels without fertilizer and optimal fertilizer consumption (50 kg/ha of urea before planting, 50 kg/ha of urea and 25 kg/ha of potassium sulfate containing zinc chelate in the form of side-dressing fertilizer in the spring season).The seed inoculation method was used to use mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium bacteria. After the growth period, grain yield, biomas, number of side branches per plant and quality of chickpea seeds were measured.
Results:
Among the 53 isolates of rhizobium, 42 isolates were able to form nodules on the chickpea root system, and after testing the second phase of the second stage, isolate C-110 had the best result and was transferred to the next phase. The results of the third stage showed that the application of mycorrhizal bacteria, rhizobium C-110 and fertilizer, increased grain yield, biomas, number of side branches per plant and grain quality (nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc) in Sararood research stations.
Conclusion:
The general results of this research indicated that although the waterdeficit in rainy conditions caused a decrease in the examined traits, the use of microorganisms (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and rhizobium C-110 bacteria) could reduce the negative effect of Waterdeficit and In the regions of the country where legumes are grown and there is water stress, the use of these two microorganisms can reduce the negative effects of water stress, and since climate change and some agricultural management practices, such as tillage and excessive use of chemical fertilizers, in have played a role in the destruction of soil fertility, these microorganisms can be used for ecosystem health and increasing productivity in agriculture. It is obvious that the symbiosis of mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium bacteria in each stress and each plant should be investigated separately in order to be able to identify the appropriate species for those conditions so that plants can be helped by the correct use of this triple symbiosis. In other words, the condition for effective symbiosis is the existence of a completely efficient and specific bacterial isolate for the host plant And it should be provided in sufficient quantity from the initial stages of growth. But in general, it can be said that the symbiosis between mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium bacteria in legumes improves plant growth and makes plants more tolerant of living and non-living stresses. The efficiency potential of these materials will be revealed when all agricultural operations are carried out at the right time and place with the help of appropriate tools.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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