بررسی برهمکنش کیتوزان با سرب بر فعالیت‌ آنزیم‌ها در دو خاک اسیدی و آهکی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری گروه خاکشناسی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

2 استاد گروه خاکشناسی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

چکیده

کیتوزان پلیمری طبیعی و تخریب­پذیر متشکل از واحد‌های گلوکز آمین است که با داشتن گروه­های عاملی واکنشی می­تواند فراهمی فلزهای سنگین را برای آنزیم­های خاک که شناسه­ای از کیفیت خاک هستند، کاهش دهد. با این حال، آگاهی­های اندکی از تأثیر‌پذیری آنزیم­های خاک در حضور هم‌زمان کیتوزان و فلزهای سنگین در دسترس است. در این پژوهش تأثیر برهم‌کنش کیتوزان در سه سطح شاهد (نبود کیتوزان)، کیتوزان با وزن مولکولی کم (LMC) و کیتوزان با وزن مولکولی زیاد (HMC) با سرب در سه سطح صفر، 50 و 500 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم بر غلظت سرب فراهم و فعالیت آنزیم‌های اسید و آلکالین فسفاتاز، ال-گلوتامیناز و هیدرولیز فلورسین دی استات در دو خاک متفاوت (لورک و لنگرود) بررسی و نتایج از نظر آماری مقایسه شدند. هر دو نوع کیتوزان غلظت سرب فراهم را در هر دو خاک به‌طور چشمگیری کاهش داد ولی HMC مؤثرتر بود. در خاک لورک کاربرد هر دو نوع کیتوزان در حضور سرب فعالیت آنزیم­های اسید فسفاتاز، آلکالین فسفاتاز، ال-گلوتامیناز و هیدرولیز فلورسین دی استات را نسبت به شاهد به‌طور چشمگیری افزایش داد. در خاک لنگرود کاربرد HMC در حضور سرب، سبب افزایش فعالیت آنزیم­ ال-گلوتامیناز شد، ولی بر فعالیت آنزیم اسیدفسفاتاز، آلکالین فسفاتاز و هیدرولیز فلورسین دی استات تأثیر نداشت. کاربرد HMC در خاک لنگرود نسبت به شاهد تأثیر چشمگیری بر فعالیت آنزیم‌ها نداشت. سطح 50 میلی­گرم در کیلوگرم سرب در حضور کیتوزان فعالیت اسید فسفاتاز در خاک لورک و هیدرولیز فلورسین دی استات در خاک لنگرود را نسبت به شاهد کاهش داد ولی بر فعالیت آنزیم‌های ال-گلوتامیناز و آلکالین فسفاتاز تاثیر مثبت داشت. سطح 500 میلی­گرم در کیلوگرم سرب در حضور کیتوزان نیز فعالیت اسید و آلکالین فسفاتاز در خاک لورک و هیدرولیز فلورسین دی استات در خاک لنگرود را کاهش ولی فعالیت دیگر آنزیم‌ها را افزایش داد. به‌طورکلی، در پی افزدون هم‌زمان کیتوزان و سرب به خاک، افزایش یا کاهش فعالیت آنزیم­ها بستگی به نوع آنزیم، کیتوزان و غلظت فلز داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating chitosan interaction with lead on enzyme activities in two acidic and calcareous soils

نویسندگان [English]

  • Saeede Afrough 1
  • Farshid Nourbakhsh 2
1 Ph.D. student, Dep. of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology
2 Professor, Dep. of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology
چکیده [English]

Chitosan is a natural and destructive polymer that consists of glucosamine units, which, due to reactive groups, can reduce the availability of heavy metals and change soil enzyme activities which is an indicator of soil quality. However, little information is available on simultaneous effect of chitosan and heavy metals on soil enzymes activities. In this study, the interaction of chitosan at three levels of control, low molecular weight (LMC), and high molecular weight (HMC) with Pb at three levels of 0, 50 and 500 mg/kg on available soil lead (Pb) investigated on activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase, L-glutaminase and fluorcine diacetate hydrolysis enzymes in two different soils, Lavark and Langroud. The results were statistically compared. Both chitosan types significantly reduced available Pb concentration in two soils, but HMC was more effective. In Lavark soil, LMC and HMC application to Pb treatments significantly increased the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase, L-glutaminease and fluorcine diacetate hydrolysis compared to control treatments. In Langroud soil, LMC application to Pb treatments significantly increased L-glutaminease activity, but did not affect the activity of other enzymes. The HMC application in Langroud soil also did not significantly affect activity of any enzymes compared to control. Level of 50 mg/kg Pb in the presence of chitosan significantly decreased acid phosphatase activity in Lavark soil and hydrolysis of fluorcine diacetate hydrolysis in Langroud soil compared to control, but had a positive effect on the activity of other enzymes. Level of 500 mg/kg Pb in the presence of chitosan also reduced acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in Lavark soil and hydrolysis of fluorcine diacetate in Langroud soil, but significantly increased the activity of other enzymes. Generally, increasing or decreasing enzyme activity due to the simultaneous presence of chitosan and Pb depended on soil, enzyme, Pb concentration, and chitosan type.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Chitosan
  • calcareous or acidic soil
  • enzyme activity
  • heavy metal

مراجع

  1. Abramyan, S. and Galstyan, A. 1981. Acidic basic regulation of soil enzyme action. Pochvovedenie 5: 39-45.
  2. An, Y.-J. and Kim, M. 2009. Effect of antimony on the microbial growth and the activities of soil enzymes. Chemosphere 74: 654-659.
  3. Babel, S. and Kurniawan, T.A. 2003. Low-cost adsorbents for heavy metals uptake from contaminated water: A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials 97: 219-243.
  4. Beyer, L., Wachendorf, C., Balzer, F. and Balzer-Graf, U. 1992. The effect of soil texture and soil management on microbial biomass and soil enzyme activities in arable soils of northwest germany. Agribiological Research (Germany) 276-283.
  5. Burt, R. 2004. Soil survey laboratory methods manual.
  6. Ciarkowska, K. 2015. Heavy metal contamination of soils. Springer.
  7. Cuero, 1996. Enhanced heavy metal immobilization by a bacterial-chitosan complex in soil. Biotechnology Letters 18: 511-514.
  8. Ekenler, M. and Tabatabai, M. 2004. Arylamidase and amidohydrolases in soils as affected by liming and tillage systems. Soil and Tillage Research 77: 157-168.
  9. Fox, T. and Comerford, N. 1992. Rhizosphere phosphatase activity and phosphatase hydrolyzable organic phosphorus in two forested spodosols. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24: 579-583.
  10. Frankenberger Jr, W. and Tabatabai, M. 1991. Factors affecting L-glutaminase activity in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 23: 875-879.
  11. Gaspar, M.L., Cabello, M.N., Pollero, R. and Aon, M.A. 2001. Fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis as a measure of fungal biomass in soil. Current Microbiology 42: 339-344.
  12. Gianfreda, L. and Bollag, J. 1996. Influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on enzyme activity in soil. Soil biochemistry 9: 123-194.
  13. Green, V.S., Stott, D.E. and Diack, M. 2006. Assay for fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activity: Optimization for soil samples. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38: 693-701.
  14. Hartman, S.C. 1971. The enzymes. Elsevier.
  15. Jin-Yan, Y., Zhen-Li, H., YANG, X.-E. and Ting-Qiang, L. 2014. Effect of lead on soil enzyme activities in two red soils. Pedosphere 24: 817-826.
  16. Kamari, A., Pulford, I. and Hargreaves, J. 2011. Binding of heavy metal contaminants onto chitosans–an evaluation for remediation of metal contaminated soil and water. Journal of Environmental Management 92: 2675-2682.
  17. Kandeler, E., Tscherko, D. and Spiegel, 1999. Long-term monitoring of microbial biomass, n mineralisation and enzyme activities of a chernozem under different tillage management. Biology and Fertility of Soils 28: 343-351.
  18. Karaca, A., Cetin, S.C., Turgay, O.C. and Kizilkaya, R. 2010. Soil heavy metals. Springer.
  19. Khan, S., Hesham, A.E.-L., Qiao, M., Rehman, S. and He, J.-Z. 2010. Effects of cd and pb on soil microbial community structure and activities. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 17: 288-296.
  20. Kizilkaya, R., Bayrakli, F. and Surucu, A. 2007. Relationship between phosphatase activity and phosphorus fractions in agricultural soils. Int J Soil Sci 2: 107-118.
  21. Kołodyńska, D. 2011. Chitosan as an effective low-cost sorbent of heavy metal complexes with the polyaspartic acid. Chemical Engineering Journal 173: 520-529.
  22. Li, Y.-T., Rouland, C., Benedetti, M., Li, F.-b., Pando, A., Lavelle, P. and Dai, J. 2009. Microbial biomass, enzyme and mineralization activity in relation to soil organic c, n and p turnover influenced by acid metal stress. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 41: 969-977.
  23. Liao, M. and Huang, C.-y. 2005. Effect of combined pollution by heavy metals on soil enzymatic activities in areas polluted by tailings from pb-zn-ag mine. Journal of Environmental Sciences 17: 637-640.
  24. Liu, L., Li, W., Song, W. and Guo, M. 2018. Remediation techniques for heavy metal-contaminated soils: Principles and applicability. Science of the Total Environment 633: 206-219.
  25. Ngo, D.-H., Vo, T.-S., Ngo, D.-N., Kang, K.-H., Je, J.-Y., Pham, H.N.-D., Byun, H.-G. and Kim, S.-K. 2015. Biological effects of chitosan and its derivatives. Food Hydrocolloids 51: 200-216.
  26. Pan, J. and Yu, L. 2011. Effects of Cd or/and Pb on soil enzyme activities and microbial community structure. Ecological Engineering 37: 1889-1894.
  27. Pascual, J.A., Hernandez, T., Garcia, C. and Ayuso, M. 1998. Enzymatic activities in an arid soil amended with urban organic wastes: Laboratory experiment. Bioresource Technology 64: 131-138.
  28. Prosser, J.A., Speir, T.W. and Stott, D.E. 2011. Soil oxidoreductases and fda hydrolysis. Methods of soil enzymology 9: 103-124.
  29. Renella, G., Ortigoza, A.R., Landi, L. and Nannipieri, P. 2003. Additive effects of copper and zinc on cadmium toxicity on phosphatase activities and atp content of soil as estimated by the ecological dose (ed50). Soil Biology and Biochemistry 35: 1203-1210.
  30. Schnürer, J. and Rosswall, T. 1982. Fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis as a measure of total microbial activity in soil and litter. Applied and Environment Microbiology 43: 1256-1261.
  31. Soga, B.H. 2001. Regeneration of heavy metal contaminated soil leachate with chitosan flakes. Doctoral dissertation, McGill University Libraries.
  32. Sparks, D.L., Page, A., Helmke, P., Loeppert, R., Soltanpour, P., Tabatabai, M., Johnston, C. and Sumner, M. 1996. Methods of soil analysis. Part 3-chemical methods. Soil Science Society of America Inc.
  33. Speir, T., August, J. and Feltham, C. 1992. Assessment of the feasibility of using cca (copper, chromium and arsenic)-treated and boric acid-treated sawdust as soil amendments. Plant and Soil 142: 235-248.
  34. Speir, T., Kettles, H., Parshotam, A., Searle, P. and Vlaar, L. 1999. Simple kinetic approach to determine the toxicity of as [v] to soil biological properties. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 31: 705-713.
  35. Tabatabai, M. 1994. Soil enzymes. Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 2 Microbiological and Biochemical Properties 5: 775-833.
  36. Tejada, M., Moreno, J., Hernández, M. and García, C. 2008. Soil amendments with organic wastes reduce the toxicity of nickel to soil enzyme activities. European Journal of Soil Biology 44: 129-140.
  37. Trasar-Cepeda, C., Leirós, M. and Gil-Sotres, F. 2008. Hydrolytic enzyme activities in agricultural and forest soils. Some implications for their use as indicators of soil quality. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40: 2146-2155.
  38. Tripathi, N., Choppala, G. and Singh, R.S. 2017. Evaluation of modified chitosan for remediation of zinc contaminated soils. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 182: 180-184.
  39. Turan, V., Ramzani, P.M.A., Ali, Q., Abbas, , Iqbal, M., Irum, A. and Khan, W.-u.-D. 2018. Alleviation of nickel toxicity and an improvement in zinc bioavailability in sunflower seed with chitosan and biochar application in ph adjusted nickel contaminated soil. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 64: 1053-1067.
  40. Vig, K., Megharaj, M., Sethunathan, N. and Naidu, R. 2003. Bioavailability and toxicity of cadmium to microorganisms and their activities in soil: A review. Advances in Environmental Research 8: 121-135.
  41. Wuana, R.A. and Okieimen, F.E. 2011. Heavy metals in contaminated soils: A review of sources, chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation. Isrn Ecology 2011.
  42. Wyszkowska, J., Kucharski, J. and Lajszner, W. 2006. The effects of copper on soil biochemical properties and its interaction with other heavy metals. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 15.
  43. Zantua, M., Dumenil, L. and Bremner, J. 1977. Relationships between soil urease activity and other soil properties 1. Soil Science Society of America Journal 41: 350-352.
  44. Zeng, L.S., Liao, M., Chen, C.L. and Huang, C.Y. 2007. Effects of lead contamination on soil enzymatic activities, microbial biomass, and rice physiological indices in soil–lead–rice (oryza sativa l.) system. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 67: 67-74.
  45. Zhang, L., Zeng, Y. and Cheng, Z. 2016. Removal of heavy metal ions using chitosan and modified chitosan: A review. Journal of Molecular Liquids 214: 175-191.
زیست شناسی خاک
دوره 9، شماره 2
آبان 1400
صفحه 203-218

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار