بررسی روش‌های انحلال فسفات‌های نامحلول توسط ریزجانداران حل‌کننده فسفات

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

دانشیار موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب ، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

چکیده

فسفر یکی از مهمترین عناصر اصلی مورد نیاز گیاهان بوده و نقش­های بسیار متعددی از جمله تولید و انتقال انرژی، افزایش ریشه­زایی، تولید دانه و افزایش کمی و کیفی در گیاهان دارد. متاسفانه بیش از 70 درصد فسفر ورودی از طریق کودهای شیمیایی فسفاته به خاک، تثبیت شده و از دسترس گیاهان خارج می­گردد. لذا تثبیت فسفر باعث مصرف هر چه بیشتر کودهای شیمیایی شده و مقدار فسفر کل خاک افزایش و گاهاً ممکن است ورود عناصر همراه کود فسفاتی باعث آلودگی خاک گردد. جهت افزایش حلالیت فسفات­های نامحلول موجود در خاک یا برای جلوگیری از تثبیت فسفر می­توان از ریزجانداران حل کننده فسفات دوستدار محیط زیست و اقتصادی مانند باکتری­ها، قارچ­ها، اکتینومیست­ها و جلبک­ها استفاده کرد. این ریزجانداران با روش­های مختلف از جمله تولید اسیدهای معدنی، آلی، تولید پروتون، ترشح سیدروفور، کلاته­کردن و تولید آنزیم فسفاتاز، قادرند ترکیبات نامحلول معدنی و آلی فسفر را به ترکیبات محلول تبدیل کنند. در خاک­های معدنی حاوی مقادیر زیاد فسفات­های کلسیم، منیزیم، آهن و آلومینیم، عمدتاً تولید اسیدهای معدنی و آلی و در خاک­های آلی بیشتر آنزیم فسفاتاز مؤثر هستند. ژن­های کدکننده حلالیت فسفات عمدتاً از باکتری­های Erwinia herbicola, Esherichia coli  و Morgonella morgani  جداسازی شده­اند. برخی از این ژن ها شامل, ushA, agp, cpdB,  napA   هستند. برخلاف مشکلات موجود خوشبختانه پیشرفت­های خوبی در زمینه مهندسی ژنتیک ریزجانداران حل­کننده فسفات حاصل شده است به طوری که ژنهای حل­کننده فسفات قابل انتقال به باکتری­های دیگر می­باشند. با توجه به اینکه خاک­ها حاوی هم ترکیبات معدنی و هم آلی هستند لذا پیشنهاد می­شود از یک ریزجاندار با قابلیت انحلال هر دو ترکیب آلی و معدنی یا مخلوط دو یا چند ریزجاندار استفاده شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Solubilization Mechanisms of Insoluble Phosphates by Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms

نویسنده [English]

  • ali reza Fallah
Associate Professor, Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

Phosphorus is one of the most important elements required by plants and it has many different roles, including energy production and transfer, increasing rooting, grain production and improving the quantity and quality of agricultural products. Unfortunately, more than 70% of the phosphorus entering the soil through phosphate fertilizers is stabilized and removed from the accessibility of plants. Therefore, phosphorus stabilization has caused the use of more chemical fertilizers and the amount of total phosphorus in the soil has increased and sometimes the entry of elements along with phosphate fertilizer may cause soil pollution. In order to increase the solubility of insoluble phosphates in the soil or to prevent phosphorus stabilization, environmentally friendly phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) such as bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and algae can be employed. These microorganisms are able to convert insoluble inorganic and organic compounds of phosphorus into soluble compounds by various methods such as production of mineral and organic acids, proton production, and secretion of siderophore, chelation and production of phosphatase enzyme. In mineral soils containing large amounts of calcium, magnesium, iron and aluminum phosphates, the production of mineral and organic acids and in organic soils the phosphatase enzymes are mostly effective. Genes encoding phosphate solubility have been isolated mainly from Erwiniaherbicola, Esherichia coli and Morgonellamorgani. Some of these genes include ushA, agp, cpdB and napA. Despite the existing problems, fortunately, good progress has been made in the field of genetic engineering of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms so that phosphate-solubilizing genes can be transferred to other bacteria. Due to the fact that soils contain both inorganic and organic compounds, it is recommended to use a microorganism with the ability to dissolve both organic and mineral compounds and a mixture of some microorganisms.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Phosphatase
  • Genes
  • Mechanism
  • Phosphate solubilization
  • Organic and Mineral Acids

مراجع

  1. Abu-Eishah, S. I., El-Jallad, I. S., Muthaker,M., Touqan, M. and Sadeddin, W. 1991. Beneficiation of calcareous phosphate rocks using dilute acetic acid solutions: optimisation of operating conditions for Ruseifa (Jordan) phosphate, nternational Journal of Mineral Processing, 31:1-2, pp. 115–126,.
  2. Ahemad, M., Khan, M.S. 2012. Effect of fungicides on plant growth promoting activities of phosphate solubilizing Pseudomonas putida isolated from mustard (Brassica campestris) rhizosphere. Chemosphere 86:945–950.
  3. Akintokun A.K., Akande G.A., Akintokun, P.O., Popoola, T.O.S. and Babalola, A.O. 2007. Solubilization of insoluble phosphate by organic acid producing fungi isolated from Nigerian soil. Int. J. Soil Sci. 2:301–307
  4. Anderson, S., Marks, C.B., Lazarus, R., Miller, J., Stafford, K., Seymour, J., and Estell, D. 1985. Production of 2-keto-L-gulonate, an intermediate in L-ascorbate synthesis, by a genetically modffied erwinia herbicola. Science, 230 (47): 144-149.
  5. Anthony, C. 1988. Quinoproteins and energy transduction. Bacterial Energy Transduction, 293-316. Academic Press; New York.
  6. Armarger, N. 2002. Genetically modified bacteria in agriculture. Biochimie 84:1061–1072.
  7. Arwidsson, Z. Johansson, E., Kronhelm, T.V., Allard, B. Van Hees, P. 2010. Remediation of metal contaminated soil by organic metabolites from fungi I—production of organic acids. Water Air Soil Pollut 205:215–226.
  8. Bashan, Y. Kamnev, A.A., de-Bashan, L.E. .2013. Tricalcium phosphate is inappropriate as a universal selection factor for isolating and testing phosphate-solubilizing bacteria that enhance plant growth: a proposal for an alternative procedure. Biol Fertil Soils 49:465–479.
  9. Beacham, I.R., and Garrett, S. 1980. Isolation of Escherichia colimutants (cpdB) deficient in periplasmic 2 –cyclic phosphodiesterase and genetic mapping of the cpdB locus. J Gen Microbiol; 119:31–34.
  10. Bianco, C. and Defez, R. 2010. Improvement of phosphate solubilization and Medicago plant yield by an indole-3-acetic acid-overproducing strain of Sinorhizobium meliloti. Appl Environ Microbiol 76:4626–4632
  11. Brady, N.C., and Weil, R.R. 2002.The nature and properties of soils, 13th edn. Prentice Hall of India,New Delhi, 960
  12. Burns, D.M., and Beacham, I.R. 1986. Nucleotide sequence and transcriptional analysis of the Escherichia coli ushAgene, encoding periplasmic UDP-sugar hydrolase (5’-nucleotidase): regulation of the ushA gene, and thesignal sequence of its encoded protein product. Nucleic Acids Res;14:4325–42.
  13. Cao, X., Song, C., Zhou, Y. 2010. Limitations of using extracellular alkaline phosphatase activities as a general indicator for describing P deficiency of phytoplankton in Chinese shallow lakes. Journal of Applied Phycology, 22(1): 33-41.
  14. Chen, Y.P., Rekha, P.D., Arun, A.B., Shen, F.T., Lai, W.A. Young, C.C. 2006. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria from subtropical soil and their tricalcium phosphate solubilizing abilities. Appl Soil Ecol 34:33–41
  15. Chen,Y. P., Rekha, P. D., Arun,A. B., Shen,F. T., Lai,W. A., and Young, C. C. 2006.Phosphate solubilizing bacteria from subtropical soil and their tricalcium phosphate solubilizing abilities, Applied Soil Ecology, 34 )1:(33–41.
  16. Dick, R.P., Tabatabai, M.A. 1986. Hydrolysis of polyphosphate in soils. Soil Sci 142:132–140
  17. Dodor, D. E. and Tabatabai, M. A. 2003. Effect of cropping systems on phosphatases in soils, Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 166)1( : 7–13.
  18. Dumora, C., Lacoste, A. M. and Cassaigne, A. 1989. Phosphonoacetaldehyde hydrolase from Pseudornnnns aeruginnsci ; purification, properties, and comparison with Baci1lir.s cereus enzyme, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 997, 193-198.
  19. Eida, A. A., Hirt, H., and Saad, M. M., (2017). Challenges Faced in Field Application of Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria. In Rhizotrophs: Plant Growth Promotion to Bioremediation (pp. 125-143). Springer, Singapore.
  20. Fraga, R., Rodriguez, H., Gonzalez, T. 2001. Transfer of the gene encoding the NapA acid phosphatase from Morganella morganii to a Burkholderia cepacia strain. Acta Biotechnol 21:359–369.
  21. George T.S, Gregory P.J, Hocking P.J, Richardson A. E. 2008. Variation in root-associated phosphatase activities in wheat contributes to the utilisation of organic P substrates in vitro, but does not effectively predict P-nutrition in different soils. Environ Exp Bot 64:239–249
  22. Gharabaghi, M., Irannajad, M. and Noaparast, M. A. 2010. Review of the beneficiation of calcareous phosphate ores using organic acid leaching, Hydrometallurgy, 103( 1–4) : 96–107.
  23. Goldstein, A.H. 1995. Recent progress in understanding the molecular genetics and biochemistry of calcium phosphate solubilization by Gram negative bacteria. Biol Agric Hortic 12:185–193
  24. Goldstein, A.H., Liu, S.T. 1987. Molecular cloning and regulation of a mineral phosphate solubilizing gene from Erwinia herbicola. Biotechnology 5:72–74.
  25. Gyaneshwar, P., Naresh, K.G., Parekh, L.J. 1998. Effect of buffering on the phosphate solubilizing ability of microorganisms. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 14:669–673.
  26. Haefner, S., Knietsch, A., Scholten, .2005. Biotechnological production and applications of phytases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 68, 588–597
  27. Illmer, P. and Schinner, F. 1992. Solubilization of inorganic phosphates by microorganisms isolated from forest soils. Soil Biol Biochem 24:389–395.
  28. Illmer, P. and Schinner, F. 1995 Solubilization of inorganic phosphates by microorganisms isolated from forest soil. Soil Biol Biochem 24:389–395.
  29. Jain, R., Saxena, J. and Sharma, V. 2012. Effect of phosphate solubilizing fungi Aspergillus awamori S29 on mungbean (Vigna radiata RMG 492) growth. Folia Microbiol 57:533–541.
  30. Khan, A., Jilani, V., Akhtari, M. S., Naqvi,S. M. S. and Rasheed, M. 2009. “Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria: occurrence, mechanisms and their role in crop production,” Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 1: 48–58.
  31. Khan, M. S. Zaidi,A. and Wani, P. A. 2007. Role of phosphatesolubilizing microorganisms in sustainable agriculture a review, Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 27( 1): 29–43.
  32. Khan, M.S., Ahmad, E., Zaidi, A., Oves, M. 2013. Functional aspect of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria: importance in crop production. In: Maheshwari DK et al (eds) Bacteria in agrobiology: crop productivity. Springer, Berlin, pp 237–265.
  33. Khan, M. S., Zaidi, A., & Ahmad, E. 2014. Mechanism of phosphate solubilization and physiological functions of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms. In Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms Springer, Cham. 31-62.
  34. Kucey, R. M. N. 1983. Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and fungi in various cultivated and virgin Alberta soils. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 63 (4): 671-678.
  35. Kumar,A., and Patel., H. 2018.Role of microbes in phosphorus availability and acquisition by plants, nternational Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7) 5(: 1344–1347.
  36. Linda, R.,and Babyson, R. S. Molecular characterization of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) from pristine soils. International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, 1(7): 317-324.
  37. Mahidi,S. S. Hassan, G. I., Hussain,A. and Faisul, U. R., Phosphorus availability issue-its fixation and role of phosphate solubilizing bacteria in phosphate solubilization-case study, Research Journal of Agriculture Science, 2: 174–179.
  38. Maliha, R., Samina, K., Najma, A., Sadia, A., Farooq, L. 2004. Organic acid production and phosphate solubilization by phosphate solubilizing microorganisms under in vitro conditions. Pak J Biol Sci 7:187–196
  39. Mao, L., Lu, Q., Mo, W., Xin, X., Chen, X., He, Z. 2017. Phosphorus availability and release pattern from activated dolomite phosphate rock in Central Florida. J. Agric. Food Chem. 65: 4589–4596.
  40. Meena, M. D., & Biswas, D. R. 2015. Effect of rock phosphate enriched compost and chemical fertilizers on microbial biomass phosphorus and phosphorus fractions. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 9(23), 1519-1526.
  41. Mendes, G.O., Dias, C.S., Silva, I.R., Ju´nior, J.I.R., Pereira, O.L., Costa, M.D. 2013. Fungal rock phosphate solubilization using sugarcane bagasse. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 29:43–50.
  42. Mendes, G.O., Dias, C.S., Silva, I.R., Ju´nior, J.I.R., Pereira, O.L., Costa, M.D. 2013. Fungal rock phosphate solubilization using sugarcane bagasse. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 29:43–50.
  43. Pande, A., Pandey, P., Mehra, S., Singh, M., & Kaushik, S. 2017. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their efficiency on the growth of maize. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 15(2), 379-391
  44. Pradhanm, N. and Sukla,L. B. 2012.Solubilization of inorganic phosphate by fungi isolated from agriculture soil, African Journal of Biotechnology, 5: 850–854.
  45. Reyes, I., Baziramakenga, R., Bernier, L., Antoun, H. 2001.Solubilization of phosphate rocks and minerals by a wild-type strain and two UV induced mutants of Penicillium rugulosum. Soil Biol Biochem 33:1741–1747
  46. Ribaudo C, Zaballa J.I, and Golluscio R. 2020. Effect of the phosphorus-solubilizing bacterium Enterobacter Ludwigii on barley growth promotion. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering,  Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS). Jan 26;63(1):144-57.
  47. Richardson, A.E. 1994. Soil microorganisms and phosphorus availability. In: Pankhurst C.E., Doube ,B.M., Gupta, V.V.S.R., Grace, P.R. (eds) Management of the soil biota in sustainable farming CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp 50–62
  48. Rodrıguez, H. and Fraga,R. 1999. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion, iotechnology Advances, 17: 319–339.
  49. Rossolini, G.M., Shippa, S., Riccio, M.L., Berlutti, F., Macaskie, L.E., Thaller, M.C. 1998. Bacterial nonspecific acid phos- phatases: physiology, evolution, and use as tools in microbial biotechnology. Cell Mol Life Sci;54:833–50.
  50. Satyaprakash, M., Nikitha, T. Reddi, E. U. B. Sadhana, B. and Vani, S. S. 2017. A review on phosphorous and phosphate solubilising bacteria and their role in plant nutrition,” International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Scences, 6: 2133–2144.
  51. Scervino, J.M., Mesa, M.P., Mo´nica, I.D., Recchi, M., Moreno, N.S., and Godeas, A. 2010a. Soil fungal isolates produce different organic acid patterns involved in phosphate salts solubilization. Biol Fertil Soil 46:755–763.
  52. Scervino, J.M., Mesa, M.P., Mo´nica, I.D., Recchi, M., Moreno, N.S., Godeas, A. 2010b. Soil fungal isolates produce different organic acid patterns involved in phosphate salts solubilization. Biol Fertil Soils 46:755763
  53. Selvi, K. B., Paul, J. J. A., Vijaya, V. and Saraswathi, K. 2017. Analyzing the efficacy of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms by enrichment culture techniques, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Journal, 3: 1-12.
  54. Shahid, M., Hameed, S., Imran, A., Ali, S., and Elsas, J.D. 2012. Root colonization and growth promotion of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) by phosphate solubilizing Enterobacter sp. Fs-11. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 28:2749–2758.
  55. Sharma, S.B., Sayyed, R.Z., Trivedi, M.H. and Gobi, T.A. 2013. Phosphate solubilizing microbes: sustainable approach for managing phosphorus deficiency in agricultural soils. SpringerPlus, 2 (1): 58-67.
  56. Shenoy, V.V., Kalagudi, G.M. 2005. Enhancing plant phosphorus use efficiency for sustainable cropping. Biotechnol Adv 23:501–513.
  57. Shin, W., Ryu, J., Kim, Y., Yang, J., Madhaiyan, M., Sa, T. 2006. Phosphate solubilization and growth promotion of maize [Zea mays L.] by the rhizosphere soil fungus Penicillium oxalicum. In: 18th World congress of soil science. 9–15 July, Philadelphia, PA
  58. Tabatabai, M.A. 1982. Soil enzymes. In: Page A.L, Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R. (eds) Methods of soil Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, 2nd edn. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp 903–948.
  59. Tarafdar, J.C., Marschner, H. 1994. Phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere and hyphosphere of VA mycorrhizal wheat supplied with inorganic and organic phosphorus. Soil Biol Biochem 26:387–395.
  60. Tate, K. R .1984. The biological transformation of P in soil. Plant Soil 76:245–256
  61. Vazquez, P., Holguin, G., Puente, M.E., Lopez-Cortes, A., Bashan, Y. 2000. Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms associated with the rhizosphere of mangroves in a semiarid coastal lagoon. Biol Fertil Soils 30:460–468.
  62. Vyas, P., Gulati, A. 2009. Organic acid production in vitro and plant growth promotion in maize under controlled environment by phosphate-solubilizing fluorescent Pseudomonas. BMC Microbiol 9:174
  63. Walpola, B. C. and Yoon,M. 2012. Prospectus of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and phosphorus availability in agricultural soils: a review, African Journal of Microbiology. 6 (37): 6600-6605.
  64. Wang, X., Wang, Y., Tian, J., Lim, B.L., Yan, X., and Liao, H. 2009. Overexpressing AtPAP15 enhances phosphorus efficiency in soybean. Plant Physiol 151:233–240.
  65. Wei, Y., Zhao, Y., Shi, M., Cao, Z., Lu, Q., Yang, T., Fan, Y. and Wei, Z. 2018. Effect of organic acids production and bacterial community on the possible mechanism of phosphorus solubilization during composting with enriched phosphatesolubilizing bacteria inoculation. Bioresour. Technol. 247: 190-
  66. Xu, J. C., Huang, L. M., Chen, C., Wang, J., and Long, X. X. (2019). Effective lead immobilization by phosphate rock solubilization mediated by phosphate rock amendment and phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Chemosphere, 237, 124540.
  67. Yadav, B.K., and Verma, A. 2012. Phosphate solubilization and mobilization in soil through soil microorganisms under arid ecosystems, the functioning of ecosystems. In: Ali, M. (ed) In Tech. ISBN:978-953-51-0573-2, Available from http://www.intechopen.com/books/the-functioning-of ecosystems/phosphate-solubilization-and-mobilization-in-soil-through-microorganismsunder-arid-ecosystems.
  68. Yi, Y., Huang, W., and Ge, Y. 2008. Exo-polysaccharide: a novel important factor in the microbial dissolution of tricalcium phosphate. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 24:1059–1065.
  69. Yuan, B.C., Li, Z.Z., Liu, H, Gao, M., Zhang, Y.Y. 2007. Microbial biomass and activity in salt affected soils under arid conditions. Appl Soil Ecol 35:319–328.
  70. Zafar,Z. I. 1993. Beneficiation of low grade carbonate-rich phosphate rocks using dilute acetic acid solution, Fertilizer Research, 34) 2( : 173–180.
زیست شناسی خاک
دوره 10، شماره 1
فروردین 1401
صفحه 93-110

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار