بررسی روش‌های انحلال فسفات‌های نامحلول توسط ریزجانداران حل‌کننده فسفات

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسنده

دانشیار موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب ، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

چکیده

فسفر یکی از مهمترین عناصر اصلی مورد نیاز گیاهان بوده و نقش­های بسیار متعددی از جمله تولید و انتقال انرژی، افزایش ریشه­زایی، تولید دانه و افزایش کمی و کیفی در گیاهان دارد. متاسفانه بیش از 70 درصد فسفر ورودی از طریق کودهای شیمیایی فسفاته به خاک، تثبیت شده و از دسترس گیاهان خارج می­گردد. لذا تثبیت فسفر باعث مصرف هر چه بیشتر کودهای شیمیایی شده و مقدار فسفر کل خاک افزایش و گاهاً ممکن است ورود عناصر همراه کود فسفاتی باعث آلودگی خاک گردد. جهت افزایش حلالیت فسفات­های نامحلول موجود در خاک یا برای جلوگیری از تثبیت فسفر می­توان از ریزجانداران حل کننده فسفات دوستدار محیط زیست و اقتصادی مانند باکتری­ها، قارچ­ها، اکتینومیست­ها و جلبک­ها استفاده کرد. این ریزجانداران با روش­های مختلف از جمله تولید اسیدهای معدنی، آلی، تولید پروتون، ترشح سیدروفور، کلاته­کردن و تولید آنزیم فسفاتاز، قادرند ترکیبات نامحلول معدنی و آلی فسفر را به ترکیبات محلول تبدیل کنند. در خاک­های معدنی حاوی مقادیر زیاد فسفات­های کلسیم، منیزیم، آهن و آلومینیم، عمدتاً تولید اسیدهای معدنی و آلی و در خاک­های آلی بیشتر آنزیم فسفاتاز مؤثر هستند. ژن­های کدکننده حلالیت فسفات عمدتاً از باکتری­های Erwinia herbicola, Esherichia coli  و Morgonella morgani  جداسازی شده­اند. برخی از این ژن ها شامل, ushA, agp, cpdB,  napA   هستند. برخلاف مشکلات موجود خوشبختانه پیشرفت­های خوبی در زمینه مهندسی ژنتیک ریزجانداران حل­کننده فسفات حاصل شده است به طوری که ژنهای حل­کننده فسفات قابل انتقال به باکتری­های دیگر می­باشند. با توجه به اینکه خاک­ها حاوی هم ترکیبات معدنی و هم آلی هستند لذا پیشنهاد می­شود از یک ریزجاندار با قابلیت انحلال هر دو ترکیب آلی و معدنی یا مخلوط دو یا چند ریزجاندار استفاده شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Solubilization Mechanisms of Insoluble Phosphates by Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms

نویسنده [English]

  • ali reza Fallah
Associate Professor, Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

Phosphorus is one of the most important elements required by plants and it has many different roles, including energy production and transfer, increasing rooting, grain production and improving the quantity and quality of agricultural products. Unfortunately, more than 70% of the phosphorus entering the soil through phosphate fertilizers is stabilized and removed from the accessibility of plants. Therefore, phosphorus stabilization has caused the use of more chemical fertilizers and the amount of total phosphorus in the soil has increased and sometimes the entry of elements along with phosphate fertilizer may cause soil pollution. In order to increase the solubility of insoluble phosphates in the soil or to prevent phosphorus stabilization, environmentally friendly phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) such as bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and algae can be employed. These microorganisms are able to convert insoluble inorganic and organic compounds of phosphorus into soluble compounds by various methods such as production of mineral and organic acids, proton production, and secretion of siderophore, chelation and production of phosphatase enzyme. In mineral soils containing large amounts of calcium, magnesium, iron and aluminum phosphates, the production of mineral and organic acids and in organic soils the phosphatase enzymes are mostly effective. Genes encoding phosphate solubility have been isolated mainly from Erwiniaherbicola, Esherichia coli and Morgonellamorgani. Some of these genes include ushA, agp, cpdB and napA. Despite the existing problems, fortunately, good progress has been made in the field of genetic engineering of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms so that phosphate-solubilizing genes can be transferred to other bacteria. Due to the fact that soils contain both inorganic and organic compounds, it is recommended to use a microorganism with the ability to dissolve both organic and mineral compounds and a mixture of some microorganisms.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Phosphatase
  • Genes
  • Mechanism
  • Phosphate solubilization
  • Organic and Mineral Acids

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زیست شناسی خاک
دوره 10، شماره 1
فروردین 1401
صفحه 93-110

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