اثرات نانو/میکروپلاستیک‌ها به‌عنوان آلاینده‌های نوشناخته بر محیط‌زیست و نقش جامعه میکروبی در تجزیه آنها

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسنده

استاد دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان

چکیده

انباشت فزاینده زباله‌های پلاستیکی یکی از چالش‌های اصلی زیست‌محیطی است که در حال حاضر جوامع بشری با آن مواجه هستند. سمیت زیست‌محیطی نانو/میکروپلاستیک‌ها به عنوان آلاینده‌های نوشناخته یک تهدید دائمی برای زیست‌بوم‌های زمینی، دریایی و جوی می‌باشد. ذرات ‌نانوپلاستیک به خوبی قادرند از غشاء سلولی عبور کرده و به درون سلول وارد شوند و کلیه اعمال حیاتی موجودات زنده از جمله انسان، گیاهان و ریز‌جاندران را مختل نمایند. نانو/میکروپلاستیک‌ها به دلیل مقاومت در برابر تجزیه به ‌عنوان یک بحران جدی جهانی محسوب می‌شوند. لذا تاکنون تلاش‌های زیادی جهت حذف یا کاهش ذرات نانو/میکروپلاستیک‌ها، از طریق فناوری‌های زیستی که از نظر اقتصادی مقرون به‌صرفه و نیز سازگار با محیط‌زیست است صورت گرفته شده است. توانایی آنزیم‌های زیستی در کاتالیز نمودن پلی‌مرهای پلاستیک به عنوان یک جایگزین کارآمد و پایدار برای پالایش و بازیافت پلاستیک مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته شده است. انواع مختلفی از آنزیم‌های تجزیه کننده پلاستیک از جامعه میکروبی تاکنون کشف شده است. با این وجود، آنزیم‌های تجزیه کننده پلاستیک به طور طبیعی برای تجزیه پلاستیک مصنوعی در کاربردهای صنعتی به دلیل پایداری حرارتی ضعیف و فعالیت کاتالیزوری کم مناسب نیستند. بنابراین، کاوش در محیط‌های گوناگون برای کشف آنزیم‌های جدید تجزیه‌کننده پلاستیک با ویژگی‌ها و عملکردهای مطلوب، به‌طور فزاینده مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. در رویکرد زیستی، تجزیه نانو/میکروپلاستیک‌ها، افزایش بازده دپلیمریزاسیون و بهینه‌سازی فعالیت و پایداری حرارتی آنزیم‌های دخیل که به شیوه‌های گوناگون بررسی شده‌اند در این مقاله نیز مورد اشاره و بحث قرار می‌گیرند. علاوه بر این، تلاش‌های تحقیقاتی اخیر پیشرفت‌های قابل‌توجهی در کشف و مهندسی آنزیم‌های تجزیه‌کننده پلاستیک داشته‌اند که نوید بزرگ در تصفیه پایدار پلاستیک از طریق  تجزیه زیستی را نشان می‌دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of nan/microplastics as newly known pollutants on the environment and their microbial degradation

نویسنده [English]

  • Habiballah Nadian Ghomsheh
Professor, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khozestan
چکیده [English]

The increasing accumulation of plastic waste is one of the main environmental challenges currently facing human societies. Environmental toxicity of nano∕microplastics as newly known pollutants is a constant threat to terrestrial, marine, and atmospheric ecosystems. Nanoplastics are well able to pass through cell membranes and enter the cell, disrupting all vital functions of living organisms, including humans, plants, and microorganisms. Nano∕microplastics are considered a serious global pollutant due to their resistance to decomposition. Therefore, increasing efforts have been made to eliminate or reduce nano∕microplastics through eco-friendly technologies. Bio-enzymes have been evaluated as efficient agents for plastic degradation. A variety of plastic-degrading enzymes have been discovered among microbial communities. However, naturally occurring plastic degrading enzymes are not suitable for synthetic plastic degradation due to poor thermos-stability and low catalytic activity. Therefore, exploration in various environments to discover new plastic-degrading enzymes with desirable properties and functions has been increasingly considered. In the biological approach, the decomposition of nano/microplastics, increasing the efficiency of depolymerization, and optimizing the activity and thermal stability of the enzymes involved, have been investigated in various ways. Recent research efforts have made significant progress in discovering and engineering plastic decomposing enzymes, showing great promise for the suitable treatment for plastics biodegradation.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Bioremediation
  • Enzyme engineering
  • Marine and terrestrial ecosystems
  • Nano/micro plastic polymers
  • Oxidative stresses

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زیست شناسی خاک
دوره 10، شماره 2
مهر 1401
صفحه 111-134

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